AB 109 and Institutional Corrections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

AB 109 and Institutional Corrections - examine ExampleThe menu provided guidelines to be used in decongesting the state prisons and at the same time increase capacity within county prisons.California has 33 state prisons which initially had exceeded its capacity by more than century%. The main goal of the California department of corrections and rehabilitation was to ensure public safety by preventing crime and realizing social responsibilities (Misczynski, 2011). The adult department had three major departments which was the male department, female department and the battle cry department. The number of parole violators and recidivist prisoners was adding to the oergrowing population among prisoners. The population prevents effective service delivery and prevents effective healthcare delivery (Lofstrom et al. 2012). The increased population prompted the state prisons this release offenders before their time elapses. The county prisons had limited jurisdiction over felony offend ers and parole violators.The assembly bill (AB 109), was enacted to expand the jurisdiction of county court to enable them deal with cases that were initially charge to the state courts. This was an effort by the state of California to change the manner in which adult punitory facilities were managed. The decongestion programs aimed at reducing the number of inmate in state detention facilities and accommodate them in the solid ground facilities. According to Lofstrom et al. (2012) the bill was a move by the California to decongest the 33 state prisons by just about 137.5%. The bill was an effort of by a taskforce which recommended the decongestion. In 2011 the recommendations by the task force were implemented. The assembly bill also allowed low- felony offenders to serve their jail term in country prisons rather than the state prisons.The state prisons where to work the inmate population. No inmate was to be transferred to the county prisons upon the implementation of the bil l. In that sense no prison would be released prior to his

Information Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 2

Information Technology - Essay ExampleIn this part an epitome will be performed on the case study of a specific organization in position to determine the usefulness of an enterprise resource planning system in improving the supply chain.OZS (Odlewnia eliwa rem) is the stellar(a) Iron foundry among three major foundries of Poland. More than 1,450 employees are working with this organization and approximately 50 thousand castings are being produced each year. It has faced many challenges during the last twenty years that resulted in an extreme level of re-structuring processes for achieving process efficiencies. For this purpose, it began to employ a new system in 2000 within the unattackable that was Enterprise Resource Planning or in short, ERP. The decision of employing ERP had some strategic reasons. It was supposed to do work about two major effects. One effect would be the considerable decline in take stock cost and enhancement of doing volume by re-organizing the business procedures more proficiently. Another effect of betterment in the management ways and business procedures would be the result of decreasing ambiguousness in operations (e-Business Watch, 2008).OZS is complicated in the export of its partial yield to different countries, such as the Netherlands, United Kingdom, Germany, France and all or so the Scandinavian Countries. It has occupied nine percent market segment in the steel market of Poland. firebrand industry of Poland had faced many contests over the previous years and so faced by OZS too. The reasons for such challenges were the emergence of Globalization and being a member of the European Union. It created such a trade athletic field for OZS that was free from the restrictions which enhanced the competition with foreign companies. In addition to this, privatization of OZS in 1999 created an extra burden for enhancing the production volume and downsizing the employees that was only possible by restructuring the companys pro cesses. So, this pressure

Form of prose for photography projects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Form of prose for photography projects - Essay ExampleThe interpreter basic objective is to find the tangible determinations especially in the case of Scripture to know the truth and establish the means of the work during the writers times. Exegesis is written on religious Scripture like the New Testament. In short, exegesis is an inquiry into the meaning of historical facts written in scriptures. Exegesis includes the two aspects of what the author said and why the author said during that time. Hence, exegesis deals with the intention of a written piece of work. Exegesis is also written to know about the primary readers response to a historical writing. Thus the interpretation includes the argument of the primary writers and readers perspective to a literature or scripture. A report is a collection of nurture put together in a pre-determined format. The information is identified, investigated and reported on the basis of happenings in an scheme or from an investigation. Report s may give rise to future events. The objective of a report is to create sentience in the reader about a particular event or happening. There are trine main aspects to a report. They are pre-determined format, independent parts and the unbiased conclusion. Report is different from essays because report includes some(prenominal) headings and sub-heading that convey each event or outcome of an event. Reports usually include numerical representation of an event. A report does not give much freedom to the writer because the report should follow the format.

HCM387-0802A-01 Management Principles in Health Care - Phase 1 Essay

HCM387-0802A-01 Management Principles in Health C atomic number 18 - conformation 1 Discussion Board - Essay Examplet a diverse group of citizenry fosters an environment conducive to creativity, productivity and high performance that affords each individual the opportunity to reach their fullest potential. correct facilitation and administration provides leverage to the diversity of a healthcare organizations as a competitive advantage in the global aspect that they face and to make the country a better place to live and thrive for immigrants such as the Irish.Healthcare organizations want to promote the development of growth and diversity by strengthen our existing relationships and building new collaborative relationships amid the existing immigrant workforce and the diverse community that they serve.These relationships between immigrants and nationals will position their country as a country of choice as they continuously dilate their business and industries and foster an env ironment where the indifferences of the people are appreciated and utilized to the advantage of the nation as a whole.Valuing diversity is implicit in some healthcare organizations reputation as an advocate of nation to the extent that they live up to this advocacy and treat each individual fairly, progressively, responsively, and respectfully. Americans help their nation start the country of choice.There are so many dimensions to diversity, both visible and invisible, that makes some companies fundamentally unique, and yet alike, and the employees are different in age, education, ethnicity, family status, gender, gender identity, physical abilities, religion, sexual orientation or veteran status. These are just few examples of the dimensions that Americans differ.Just as many threads render a fabric, many dimensions create diversity. The fabric of diversity in healthcare organizations has many threads- many dimensions. At the same time, they carry deep down themselves certain cultural or artistic traditions, experiences, family customs and life lessons that contribute to who they are,

About privacy and confidentiality in social applications Essay

About privacy and confidentiality in social applications - strain ExampleLegal frameworks and ethical standards of various nations protect the interests of the users of social applications such as search engines and wikis in regard to their privacy and confidentiality of personal information. This includes protection of user information from unauthorized access, use or barter of confidential data by hackers. The designers and administrators of social applications are therefore mandated to ensure that private data on users is treated with utmost confidentiality. Regardless of this, the privacy and confidentiality of user information has been infringed by being exposed to uncaused or unauthorized parties and used for unintended purposes by system attackers. This essay gives a critical depth psychology and discussion of the privacy and confidentiality of data and information within social applications including blogs, social networking applications, blogs and wikis. The paper include s a countywide review of literature with an aim of giving a background analysis of the research on the topic. preceding(a) literature within journals, conference and workshop papers are analyzed including the methodologies used by the investigators on confidentiality and privacy within social applications. The proposed approach for an investigation into the privacy and confidentiality of data within social applications is in addition presented within this essay. The paper is based on the assumption that the breach of privacy and confidentiality of users is the greatest challenge that is liner social applications.Surveys on privacy and confidentiality within social networking applications and text chats reveal that these two aspects are considered to be an ethical standard and the recognized around which the development, maintenance and use of social applications should be based (Belanger & Crossler, 2011). soft studies on legal frameworks and regulations on privacy and confiden tiality reveal that these aspects are considered as one of

Responsive Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Responsive - Essay ExampleHe has stayed amongst the Kung Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert for a number of years, provided he bargonly knows them in totality. The best time that he learns something substantial roughly their behavior is when he has only whiz Christmas to celebrate in their land. This is a group of people that are of a funny character. They do us marvel at values of their society. These include their togetherness that they uphold in the society. In so many ways, they used to enjoy in unity through sharing their hunt club almost in each and every single day.The story in this article exposes the true spirit of the Kung Bushmen. As a matter of fact, they are a group of people in the society that enforces humility in people who do not have it at hand. They afflict as much as possible to resist pride that may crop up in someone after a little achievement of victory. For instance, it is seen in the text how people hunted and brought fatty meat at home, but in rejoinder received the least of appreciation. The anthropologist himself wondered why gratitude was barely shown to those who went hunting and gathering. To set the facts right, a share of the Kung Bushmen community gives a hidden answer, all about arrogance This is what I realize that the Bushmen Community try as much as possible to resist for its existence would only lead to a life of superiority over the others. In short, members of society at large prefer to be equal to one another.In this article, what comes out more vividly is mockery of the highest order. In the first instance, it took a lot of hand for Ontah, the anthropologist to have the fattest ox for his last Christmas celebration amongst the Kung. In return, what he receives before that big day is derision and travesty. It is amazing how each person confronts him with a similar scorn. Exposing his folly, he hardly realizes the pure intentions of these people and to make him do, he has to inquire and seek judgment from a few

Construction Proposal Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Construction Proposal - Coursework ExampleIt is a formal, write document that describes the context and scope of an organizations merchandise effort to achieve defined goals or objectives within a specific future time period. Before making a marketing plan, Parish Council will have to wanton a market plan questionnaire by which they will be able to know about their induce position or capability to do the project. While Parish Council searching for information on a topic, it is important to understand the value of both primary and secondary sources to do the work accordingly. The PEST analysis has be to be a flexible and easy to understand tool in the context of strategic planning or marketing planning as well. PEST Analysis can be used hither which stands for political, economical, socio-cultural, and technological factors. The aim of any SWOT analysis is to identify the key internal and external factors that ar important to achieve the objective of an organization. It implie s any organizations strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The mix of five P implies Price, Product, Place, Promotion and People in our marketing recipe. Marketing plan implementation is the how component of marketing strategy. It is also known as operations plan. Components that are important in implementation include Marketing structure, Marketing strategy, Leadership, Human resources, Organizational resources, and Organizational systems. Parish Council may have to face some challenges to implement the plan. After evaluating their care planning, it can be said that the business plan was good enough to build up a BMX Track. In spite of having few inconsistencies or problems, this plan may bring success for Parish Council if it would be implemented accordingly.Task 2During 1980 in chilli the pioneer of BMX development was Mr. VINCENZO CASCINO. He started getting organized in 1980 and founded the C.B.X. - Comision Nacional de Bicicross. The center of development was L as Condes, inside capital of Chile de Chile. Ending 1980 there were about 350-license. A group of enthusiasts was in the progress of starting a clubhouse in the city of Apeldoorn in Holland. Becoming a section of the already bicycle club, they planned a track to be built inside a velodrome January 21st. Promotional meeting in Beek & Donk (Holland), final pass on was that on January 28th a club was formed officially. The city of Beek & Donk already had promised building a sassy track to be ready sometime April 1980. Paul & Bart de Jong from elders were one of the first members of this clubs and their father became the clubs secretary.The payoff of BMX brands extended during this year of ending 1980NBL / NBA - USA St. Fietscross Nederland - Holland UK Bicycle Motocross Association - Great Britain Federation Francaise de Bicrossing - France Federation of Belgium Bicrossing - Belgium lacquer BMX Association - Japan1Ingatestone is a village in Essex, England. It has a population of 3400 people. To the immediate north lies the village of Fryerning, and the 2 form the civil parish of Ingatestone and Fryerning.Ingatestone and Fryerning Parish Council were formed in 1895, following the passing of the Local Government Act in

Mrs Fields Cookies Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mrs Fields Cookies - Case Study ExampleThe alliance did not enjoy its present status from its advent it gained its sound reputation and name with uninterrupted cloggy work and successful innovatory ideas. It can be regarded among triumphant companies in the European region because of its steady success. ab initio Debbi was adamant in terms of keeping all the dominance to herself, however, with the passage of time, she realized that her business could not expand with her stubborn autocracy of keeping all the control in her hand (Cash and Ostrofsky 4). After this consideration, she delegated her authority for a profitable business empire. Acquiring LPB was in the interest of business. The acquirement and introduction of combination stores initially proved to be disadvantageous. However, the fellowship feels that in the future, these combination stores will prove to be beneficial. The information systems utilise by the company are in any case going to be profitable for the compan y and its affiliated company, LPB. use up in the Acquisition of La Petite Boulangerie (LPB) Fields after showing interest in the encyclopedism of LPB, a chain of 119 French stores of Bakery/Sandwich acquired it, after which, the first step that they took was expelling l people from their jobs. Out of fifty-three staff members, only three were left, two in operations and cardinal in R & D (Cash and Ostrofsky 9). According to Randy, there were some(prenominal) overhead functions running in LBP payable to which, extra people were apply, which resulted in extra costs for the precaution and depreciated the profit of the company (Cash and Ostrofsky 9). Debbi and Randy believed in minimized hierarchal structure due to which, they showed little value for massive structures being organized by complex hierarchy managed all over the company. It was this thought due to which, fifty people being employed in LPB lost their jobs after affiliation of LPB with Mrs Fields Cookies. The step of expelling fifty people show up of fifty-three is a major step that was required to be well-thought of as the expelled people can acquire problems for the new administration. As store manager of LPB, I would have revolted against this administrative step as if the management can expel such a large number of people from their jobs, they are able to hold for such steps in future as well due to which, the future employees and their jobs are also in danger. There should be job security and the administration of Mrs Fields Cookies should have arranged for substituted jobs for the employees of LPB considering that the companys administration should not only think for its profit but also for its employees. Debbi and Randys Business and La Petite Boulangerie (LPB) Debbi and Randy while acquiring control of LPB thought that there were many similarities found in the two chainsMrs Fields Cookies and LPB. According to Randy LPB was, a logical fender for the bakery aspect of Mrs. Fields Cook ies (Cash and Ostrofsky 9). Debbi and Randy saw the affiliation of LPB with Mrs Fields Cookies as a step taken for business expansion as the two chains suited each other. They were interested in feature the two forms of stores. Both of the store chains dealt with bakery items due to which, their combination business was not a destructive step. The senior managers working at Mrs Fields Cookies were given a chance to run the stores of LPB for judgement the

Organizational Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Organizational Analysis - Essay ExampleThe ships political party offers a wide run for of rambling communication, personal computing products, port adequate digital music players and media services, as surface as a range of related software, services, networking solutions, peripherals, and third party software and hardware products. The apple comp any has a nearly thought out plan to create an apple culture by delivering self-colored products. Apples fascinating products has seen the company enjoy fanatical brand loyalty. Apple products are a result of extensive research and strong designs they always consider what the customer wants and they are out to satisfy their customers. Apple Inc. is a multinational company that holds its headquarters in Cupertino, California. It is the second largest information technology company in the world, second to Samsung Electronics and the third largest mobile phone manufacturer after Samsung and Nokia. Apple inc. maintains over 394 retail s tores across fourteen countries as thoroughly as the online Apple store and iTunes stores. It sells its products worldwide through its online stores, retail stores, and direct sales force, as well as through third-party cellular network carriers, retailers, whole sellers, and value-added resellers. Apple not only enjoys the theoretical popularity in fact, it topped the list with annual gross above $100 billion and since 2010 having a profit learn of above $20 billion. Apple accommodates approximately 60,400 people in different departments such as software development, assembly and design, distribution, marketing and sales etc. Apples mission statement Apple Inc. is primed(p) and committed to deliver the best personal computing experience by offering technologically tricksy products and services to students, educators, creative professionals and consumers around the world through its unique modern hardware and software.Apple isable to enhance resources for future generations and f or continuous improvements. Role of HR in accomplishing the Apples Mission Employees of any organization play an important role in the organizations success and mission accomplishment. Moreover, they are the people who heightened the revenue generation and trades the companys movie worldwide to the people interested in their goods and services. Apple is well-off in having a powerful human resource who is striving hard to maintain the positive image of Apple since its birth. The Apples workforce has marked the HR department as a passing goal-oriented and organized department. Apples HR is highly talented and knows how to implement latest HR practices to give companys goal and mission. They appreciate the innovative behavior to establish a shared culture, erect talent and to motivate the integration of mind and skill with the tasks a person performs. Being the leader in the gadgets market Apple has introduced passion for work sort of attitude rather than employee-employer attitud e. (Snee, 1998). DELL, IBM and akin other gadget companies are not just a threat to this emerging company, but is a significant hindrance for the company to recognize its full abilities. In a walk to compete with these grievous competitors Apple relies on the implementation of 3 vital strategies that is hiring, training and nurturing creative minds. Apple has

Manging Capability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Manging dexterity - Essay ExampleChinas involvement with Bahrain is intriguing, particularly because China sees companies such as MENA telecom as key to a burgeoning market in the Middle East. This Chinese influence regarding telecommunications will be discussed here. Introduction Gutenbergs invention of the printing press has caused vast changes in information sharing especially during the age of industrialization. Just as the printing press changed the way books, and thus knowledge, were disseminated, the net income has also had a large impact on the way people communicate in this age. The youngest among the different forms of media present in this time, the Internet has rapidly evolved into one of the most popular media that has changed the way people all over the initiation share information. In a research by Anmuth et. al for the Lehman Brothers Internet Data Book (2008)1, the Internet ranked second with radio among the most utilized media, both garnering 19% behind televis ions 33% consumption share. ... Wave 3 (2008)2, a global study by Universal McCann on the Internet as a social medium, identified the most popular activities that Internet substance abusers do when they enter online. These activities range from watching and uploading videos online, reading and updating blogs and maintaining accounts on social ne bothrking sites. These activities changed media users from mere passive audiences, to producers of information. Thus, it is safe to resume that the Internet and other forms of electronically-mediated communications are a staple of everyday life.3 However, one of the biggest untapped markets for the ontogeny of the Internet is China. Studies reveal that there have been a rapid growth in Internet user in the Peoples Republic. From 670,000 Internet users in 19974, Chinese citizens who logged onto the Internet increased to 2.1 Million in just two years.5 A decade ago, a report by the China Internet Network Information revolve around (CNNIC) revealed the Internet statistics of the country 8.92 gazillion computers that can access the Internet used by 22 million users.6 The report also identified 265, 405 sites and domains with Internet suffixes such as .org, .cn or .com.7 Internet-based telephone linees have turned their efforts towards abrupt the vast Chinese market. In 2000, China generated U.S. $9.32 billion in E-commerce revenue with U.S. $9.27 billion of this coming from business to business transaction and the remaining U.S. $47.1million from everyday Internet consumers.8 And with Chinas Internet population reaching 384 million by the end of 2009 and increasing to 420 million9 by the middle of 2010, these numbers reinforce analysts claim that China is the next mercantile Internet and mobile market in the world, surpassing even both Europe and the United

To what extent have the traditionally distinctive characteristics of Essay

To what extent have the traditionally distinctive characteristics of the French state been gnaw in recent years - Essay Examples meant that belonging to the EU promotes a spirit of Europeanization as the European countries have come together in order to create a collaborative force for the economy of the region.This has led to a disintegration of the traditional family style business ownership that typified the states sparing base as a heathenish form of identification. The family is extremely important to the French as a certain sense of homogeny is a part of the sociological identity. An observable lack of trust is part of the cultural identity of the French people, therefore the emersion of the state into an organization that is intent on making an boilers suit European state that is unified under one policy does not culturally set well.the Algiers crisis of 1958 where The Algerian War of Independence led to great turmoil within France which was resulted in a push towards dec olonization. This tag the return of Charles de Gaulle as a political leader and through which the Fifth body politic would be built. The softness of the leaders of the Fourth Republic to make decisions about decolonization was the core reason that it failed and a youthful constitution which marked the beginning of the Fifth Republic was put into place.The Fifth Republic Constitution was outlined by the leadership of a president who was elected into office for seven years. This form of presidential frame replaced the former system that was parliamentary in nature. Charles de Gaulle was the first president elected under the constitution and in 1962 promoted and succeeded in creating a change that diverted the election of the president away from the electoral college system to a direct vote by the citizens. Despite heavy opposition, de Gaulle managed to pass this proposal. In the year 2000, the length of the presidential term was changed from seven years to five years.The situatio n with the presidency that was developed in the Fifth Republic is that it was instituted without giving over much in the way of power. According

Virtues That Pharmacists Should Possess Literature review

Virtues That Pharmacists Should Possess - literary productions review ExampleIt is proposed that a review of relevant literature, focus group interviews to narrow possible virtues in good pharmacists and a survey of pharmacists and students to cater for perspectives with a reasonably large sample (

Human Figures in Landscapes Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Figures in Landscapes - Article ExampleThese three paintings atomic number 18 placed on the timeline between the 1950s to almost the present time. The immediate years post-war witnessed a heightened take of cultural nationalism during which aboriginal cultures gained considerable weight (Foss, Paikowsky& Whitelaw, 2010, 357).The selected paintings also show a chronological increment from the 1950s to the present time in painting a theme like this. The paintings extend from 1956 to 2007 and that is a time in which a lot of things changed and m whatever new techniques and schools emerged. But in my paper, I do not want to link these paintings to any such type of restrictions along the lines of schools of arts or any specific technique. I am going to equal them with each other only on the rump of the theme that I selected for the paper and that is Human figures in landscapes. So I will just compare them according to how well the theme is presented in all three of them.The fir st painting that I chose is isSun leaping Scene, Blood Reserve by Gerald Tailfeathers. Tailfeathers was a Native Canadian artist and so he was conterminous to heart with the Native aboriginal culture and their traditions. Being one of the very few Native Canadians who painted, he fulfilled his duty to the great colorful lost culture by painting their traditions. It is painted on paper using watercolors and watercolor is a wise medium for this painting because it gives the painting a contact of easy simplicity and vividness. The painting shows a scene from the Native culture of Blood Reserve.

Western Artists Have Approached The Orient At Various Moments With Research Paper

Western Artists Have Approached The aim At Various Moments With Perfectly Honourable Intentions And Genuine Respect - Research Paper ExampleAt the end of the paper the writer shall conclude by saying that the westbound artists indeed have approached the cut in a honourable and respected fashion, as the case ought to have been. Orientalism is a term, which is used in history fir the depiction of the vitamin Eern art by the writers, artists, painters and authors belonging from the western countries. In baseball club to understand the contribution of the western artists on orientalism, it is pertinent to understand the definition of orientalism. Following is the definition of Orientalism The countries of Asia, especially of eastern hemisphereern Asia. Orient is the word, which has been given to the east and the art of the east, which consists of the in-between East, India, Turkey and North Africa. Figures in Middle Eastern dress appear in Renaissance and Baroque works by such art ists as Bellini, Veronese, and Rembrandt, and the opulent eroticism of harem scenes appealed to the French Rococo aesthetic. The earliest indications of Orient Art in the western culture started to show up in the 15th century, when the renaissance movement had started. The intermingling of the Western people with the Asian and the eastern culture was paramount and fundamental towards the development of Orientalism. Beginning of Orientalism In 1798, a French multitude led by General Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Egypt and occupied the country until 1801. The European presence in Egypt attracted Western travelers to the Near and Middle East, many of whom captured their impressions in paint or print. In 1809, the French government published the first installment of the twenty-four-volume Description de lEgypte (180922), illustrating the topography, architecture, monuments, natural life, and population of Egypt. Once the French initiated orientalism, more than and more European nations started coming forwards by taking interest in the culture of the Middle East and eastern Asia. The taste for orientalism manifested itself in European architecture, the edifice courses and the furniture. Orientalism has positively influenced the design and art of the European architecture. Orientalism in Architecture The Middle Eastern style of architecture had a major influence and was a starting time of inspiration for the European countries, as well as motivating them to build similar style of building in their own countries. The Guildhall, London, is an important example where the British adopted the Indian style of architecture during the recent 17th century. The Indian style of architecture was also known as Hindoo Style of architecture. some other example of the Indian style of architecture is the Sezincote house, which was built from the inspiration of the nawab style of Bengal. The intermingling of the culture of the east with the western adaptation had already started once the British invaded India. It is imperative to state that the British were heavily stimulate by the tomb style architecture of the Muslims and the Nawabs, and that reflected in their sense of architecture design of the future. Apart from breeding the influence of the Indian architecture, the Western people also took great influence skeletal frame the Turkish style of construction, which was an integral part of the 19th century French architecture. French Orientalism French orientalism kick started in the beforehand(predicate) 18th century after Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Egypt as part of his annexation agenda in Asia. The French invasion of Egypt has a great role to play to influence the French tribes and locals to start inherit the Egypt form of art back to their home country. The major influence which the French took form Egypt was in the form of painting, especially oil

Economy in Russia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

sparing in Russia - Essay ExampleRussia has to deal with persistent economic problems, which includeThe consensus and eventual policy mail service taken in Russia was that in order for the Russian thrift to develop and benefit from the increasing desegregation of the global market and trade, policy reforms must be instituted. These reforms should directly address the challenges cited above. The past few years saw policy pronouncements that include price reform, the privatization of enterprise, macroeconomic stabilisation and fiscal decentralisation. Beginning in 1992, the government began instituting economic reform in these areas and based on the trajectory of growth of the Russian economy up to the present, it is clear that some of the governmental policies have worked.Terterov (2004), for example, cited how investments to the country has overtaken capital flight, which has been the pattern in the past. As a result the economy has received a substantial boost, particularly in manufacturing and industrial sector, helping to create jobs and revenue for the state (Terterov 2004). Empirical research has also shown the positive link amid governmental reform and wage increase and unemployment (Gerber 2006). Wolf and Lang (2006) in a study for the RAND Corporation describe that the recent impressive economic performance can be attributed to decentralized decision-making and the change in preference allocation from the previous state and bureaucratic allocation to the resource allocation through the market.During Vladimir Putins administration, Russia was in conclusion recognized as a market economy. The United States and the European Union declared this in June 2012. This is most-valuable for Russia because being classified as one means better opportunities for trade with other countries. For example, as a result of the recognition, the United States has removed several restrictions and guidelines that govern the US trading relationships with nonmarket eco nomies

Condition vs. Statement Analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Condition vs. Statement Analysis - Coursework ExampleHorizontal analysis makes spend of comparisons over two or more years in both currency and percentage forms. straight analysis on the other hand, takes into account entries of the balance sheet and presents them as percentages of the total. Finally, ratio analysis is utilise in fiscal statement analysis to show the statistical correlation of data (Finkler, Purtell, Calabrese, and Smith, 2013). The use of pecuniary statement analysis is primarily aimed at informing effective decision making process.While monetary statement analysis evaluates the financial performance of an organization from its financial data records to showcase performance, financial take aim analysis on the other hand, aims at cadence the position of the business or entity at hand. deuce considerations under financial condition analysis include preference flow, and resource stock (Studenmund, 2011). Under resource flow, financial condition analysis takes into account financial indicators such(prenominal) as total margin, charge to expense, and debt portion ratios. It also considers financial performance through change in net assets (Finkler, Purtell, Calabrese, and Smith, 2013). Under resource stock, financial condition analysis takes into account financial ratios (indicators) such as quick for examen liquidity, net assets for measuring solvency, debt to asset for measuring leverage, and capital assets condition for measuring capital (Finkler, Purtell, Calabrese, and Smith, 2013). The use of financial condition analysis is primarily aimed at acknowledging the performance or position of the entity at hand.Finkler, Purtell, Calabrese, and Smith (2013) points that external factors have trespass on an organizations financial performance. In this case, financial condition analysis considers external factors such as competition, market stability, exchange rates, and market volatility. Under these factors, financial condition analysis a ims at testing how much the business is able to

Satisfied and Motivated Employees Create Satisfied and Loyal Customers Essay Example for Free

Satisfied and Motivated Employees Create Satisfied and Loyal Customers sampleAbstractIn Corporate America, organizations vie to maintain their competitive receipts within their perspective industries. In the current economic downturn, organizations have come to rely heavily on the competitive advantage they vex from their employees, or human capital. Organizations are investing more of their funds towards satisfying and motivation employees in the hopes that these employees volition create satisfied and loyal customers. To procure employees are satisfied and motivated, organizations may recognize employee contributions with dedicate and a package of employee benefits. These forms of compensation work to ensure increased employee satisfaction and motivation, decreased voluntary turnover, and, therefore, the overall play alonger of the entire organization.In Corporate America, organizations vie to maintain their competitive advantage within their perspective industries. I n the current economic downturn, organizations have come to rely heavily on the competitive advantage they feel from their human capital. Human capital is defined as an organizations employees, described in basis of their training, experience, judgment, intelligence, relationships, and insight (Noe et al., 2011, p. 3). Highly skilled and developed employees are an organizations most valuable choice in the fight to maintain their competitive advantage. Therefore, organizations are investing more of their funds towards satisfying and move employees in the hopes that these employees give create satisfied and loyal customers. In an effort to satisfy and motivate employees, organizations may recognize employee contributions with various forms of compensation including pay and an employee benefits package, and through recognition architectural plans.These forms of compensation and recognition work to ensure increased employee satisfaction and motivation, decreased voluntary turnover , and, therefore, the overall success of the entire organization. If we pay back care of our employees, they will take care of our customers. During the current economic downturn, many organizations have experienced decreased sales and profits. more of those organizations responded with spending cuts, which included layoffs and decreased investments in employees. The restaurant chain, Texas Roadhouse, was not immune to the economic downturn and too experienced decreased sales. However, the chain did not respond with spending cuts aimed at employees. In fact, the chain go on its existing spending relative to employee satisfaction and motivation. The text indicates, Spending to promote job involvement and organisational commitment remained intact (Noe et al., 2011, p. 319).The decision to maintain spending relative to employee satisfaction and motivation reflects the chains commitment to their employees. The chains commitment to their employees has been best expressed by Texas Roa dhouse Chief Executive policeman (CEO), G. J. Hart. Hart, who realizes the value his employees bring to the organization, has stated, If we take care of our employees, they will take care of our customers (Noe et al., 2011, p. 319). Harts set phrase may seem like a common clich in Corporate America however, organizations focused on satisfying and motivating employees are actually gaining the competitive advantage that only their employees can provide. The text indicates, either organization recognizes that it needs satisfied, loyal customers.In addition, success requires satisfied, loyal employees (Noe et al., p. 293). Texas Roadhouse is not alone in its commitment to its employees. SAS, a privately owned software family, is also highly committed to its employees. Bev Brown, who works in the smart sets external communications department, indicates People do work hard here, because theyre motivated to take care of a company that takes care of them (Noe et al., 2011, p. 385). More organizations are beginning to realize the advantages associated with satisfying and motivating their employees. And, as the realization becomes more prevalent in Corporate America, more organizations will begin to wrangle their commitment to their employees by offering generous rewards and recognition programs.Alternative Motivation Methods Their EffectivenessTexas Roadhouse uses money as a primary motivator for its employees. The chain holds a yearly competition to identify its best plaza cutter, who is awarded $20,000. The chains managers are allotted $500 to host barbecues or outings for their employees. The chain also holds an yearbook motivational conference to recognize and reward its top performers. The text indicates, The company invites about a atomic number 19 employees, managers, and vendors to bring their spouses to a four-day conference as a way to recognize and reward its best lot (Noe et al., 2011, p. 320). The retreat was costly and, the chains CEO, Hart, was publicly criticized for such lavish spending.The text indicates, a newsperson criticized Hart for wasting $2 million on luxuries during lean prison terms (Noe et al., p. 320). However, Hart stood firm in his commitment to his employees as he replied that the effort to inspire employees was precisely the kind of investment that enables his company to succeed (Noe et al., p. 320). Texas Roadhouses strategy is certainly stiff in ensuring they retain their top talent. The text indicates, turnover among the companys on-site recruiters tumbled by two-thirds after the company put in place a program to recognize and reward these employees (Noe et al., p. 320).Pay is certainly a motivator for employees however, organizations may also utilize employee benefits as a meaning of motivating employees. Employee benefits are that part of the total compensation package, other than pay for time worked, provided to employees in whole or in part by employer payments (Milkovich Newman, 2005). The text indicates that benefits serve functions similar to pay in that benefits contribute to attracting, retaining, and motivating employees (Noe et al., 2011, p. 384). For instance, SAS offers a generous employee benefit package as a means of ensuring their employees are satisfied and motivated. The companys benefit package includes access to the on-site recreation and fitness center, a subsidized day care center and summer camp, and a subsidized cafeteria.The company has realised an on-site lactation room for nursing mothers, and an on-site health care center for employees and their family members to have aesculapian concerns addressed at no cost. The text indicates that these generous benefits are part of a strategy to call and keep the best people without paying top dollar in salaries (Noe et al., p. 385). The SAS strategy is certainly effective in regards to ensuring the company retains its top talent. The text indicates, Compared with 22 percent employee turnover in th e industry, SAS reports turnover of full 2 percent (Noe et al., p. 385). The SAS strategy is also effective in ensuring the company remains profitable. The text indicates that all(prenominal) year the company has been in business it has turned a profit (Noe et al., p. 385).Transferring the Texas Roadhouse Motivational MethodsThe Texas Roadhouse method of employ pay to motivate its employees is certainly transferrable to other organizations in Corporate America. Organizations should demonstrate their commitment to their employees by offering competitive and rewarding pay and recognition programs. Doing so will ensure the organization has the powerfulness to attract and retain top talent, which will provide the organization with a definite competitive advantage in their perspective industry.ReferencesMilkovich, G., Newman, J. (2005). Reward systems Theory and administration. (8th ed., p.400). Mc-Graw-Hill.Noe, R. A., Hollenbeck, J. R., Gerhart, B., Wright, P. M. (2011). Fundame ntals of human resource management. (4th ed.). New York, NY McGraw-Hill.

Philosophy - Is Memory Reliable Essay Example for Free

Philosophy Is Memory Reliable EssayHow would I prove that my entrepot or reasoning processes ar reliable? There really is no good stylus to f atomic number 18 this question. My first thought was, well that should be voiced, because I plunder prove my computer storage is reliable by the fact that I remember where class is every day that I show up. If I can remember where the classroom is, that essential show my memory is reliable. But then I realized that Im believeing on a memory to come up with that example. This makes the question seem like a paradox to even try and answer, because in order to figure out if there is a way to prove my memory is reliable, I must use my memory to think back memories that might apply, and I must also assume the accuracy of the memories I might draw from as example. I cannot prove memory reliability by using logic drawn from the assumption that the memories I used are reliable. This seems to piddle a fallacy in logic before even getting started.In reality it seems easy to say that yes, although our memories are sometimes wrong, generally more often than not they are right. We know this because we recall from our memory many times each day to do the simplest tasks. If our memory was that flawed, we would be unable to succeed on a day to day basis. Where do I get water? How do I get food? How do I drive a political machine? While this does show that we are able to rely on our memories to complete everyday tasks, it doesnt prove our memory is consistently lawful.We cannot be sure that any memory weve ever had actually happened exactly the way we remember it (unless material sources are used, like video or pictures to back up the memory) because of a multitude of problems with memory like thaumaturgy and distortion. Memories can be easily manipulated and altered in many different ways, from simple re-telling where little details may be unwittingly changed each time a memory is told, to the power of suggestion in which an entirely false memory can be implanted into a persons mind and believed to be true by that person.Although these memories may seem very real to us, even to the point where we are willing to agitate for their reliability, they are still factually false. This actually happens a lot Although it practice these issues with memory exist, they are by and large ignored because we typically use other methods beyond memory alone to help collaborate what we remember. We are validated by others who share the same memory, photos, ect. So although in a philosophical world it seems hopeless to find solid clear evidence that memory is truly reliable, hardly it seems silly, and even dangerous to continually doubt that memory can be reliably called upon.For example, I decide to cross the road without spirit both ways because I cannot be sure that being work stoppage by a car would kill me. I might have seen and heard of people being killed by cars in the past, but if I doubt my own memo ry how could I be sure that speeding cars have the emf to actually kill people. Because of this seemingly correct logic I might then be hit by a car and become a victim of what many would say is clear harsh sense. So although there is no good way to prove the reliability of memory, we must still rely on it all the same.

Lack of Connection between Educational Research and Practice Essay Example for Free

Lack of Connection betwixt Educational Research and Practice EssayEducational research is conducted on the premise that an expansion of knowledge in the bea of classroom teach should automatically aim to improvements in the classroom, not notwithstanding with respect to teaching styles but also the academic progress of students. all the same, this enhancement of knowledge is not always welcomed by instructors (Kennedy, The Connection). According to Mary M.Kennedy, the author of The Connection in the midst of Research and Practice, teachers whitethorn fail to apply in the altogether knowledge based on research for the adjacent reasons (1) The research is not authoritative or convincing enough to move teachers to alter their practices (2) The teachers expose it uncontrollable to directly apply the new knowledge because they consider it irrelevant to their particular concerns or questions on the issuance of teaching (3) The research findings may not have been communic ated in an understandable way and (4) It is impossible for the genteelnessal system to accept the mixed bags entailed by new research-based knowledge (Kennedy, The Connection).G.Reid Lyon, the Chief of the Child Development and Behavior branching of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, expresses dismay at the deprivation of connection between educational research and practice Scientific research can protest beginning reading instruction. We know from research that reading is a language-based activity. Reading does not develop naturally, and for many an some other(prenominal) children, specific decoding, word recognition, and reading comprehension skills must be taught directly and systematically. We have also intentional that pre initiate children benefit significantly from being read to.The evidence suggests strongly that educators can foster reading phylogenesis by providing kindergarten children with instruction that develops print concepts, familiarity with the purposes of reading and writing, age-appropriate vocabulary and language comprehension skills, and familiarity with the language structure. One hopes that scientific research specifys beginning reading instruction, but it is not always so. Unfortunately, many teachers and administrators who could benefit from research to indicate reading instructional practices do not yet trust the idea that research can inform their teaching (Lyon). The lack of connection between educational research and practice astounds many researchers.Even so, this lack of connection is sometimes approved by researchers. In the case of reading, for example, there are researchers who perceive that theories are neither practical nor profitable given that reading is a complex phenomenon (Calfee and Drum 183). These researchers even wear d feature that theoretical analysis is unnecessary, if not impossible in this area (Calfee and Drum 183). Thus, t here appears confusion with regards to applying educational research in the classroom. Seeing that the educational researchers do not always agree amongst themselves, it is unsurprising that teachers find it hard to understand new research-based knowledge before they can apply it.Teachers may not only disagree with educational researchers, but they also disagree with education reformers that base their ideals on current educational research after sifting through the disagreements among researchers (Kennedy, Reform Ideals). Research suggests that the teaching practice is strongly settled by the values of the teachers themselves (Aguirre and Speer Brickhouse). In other words, teachers may simply disagree with educational research that blatantly bookings with their beliefs around their practice. According to Argyris and Schon, such is the difference between espoused theories and theories in use. Despite the advice of researchers as well as reformers, teachers may simply find it imp ossible to apply educational research in the classroom when their own beliefs conflict with the ideals of others.Kennedy has experienced the conflict between teacher practice and expectations while teaching in a assorted culture. Working in Thailand, without immediately appreciating the practice of teaching expected in the new culture, she was rather compound about the method of teaching that she was expected to adopt. She believed that she was right in her teaching style however, the expectations of the Thai school administrators and students differed. It took me a long time to adjust my practice to accommodate their expectations, she wrote later (Kennedy, Learning to Teach). Of course, if she had failed to adjust, she would have assemble it difficult to succeed in the new culture as a teacher.Educational research is meant to influence teacher practice (Kennedy, Means and Ends). Nevertheless, resistance to change is a reality that must be confronted by all organizations, whether they are academic in nature or purely for profit. Teachers may believe that a certain educational finding is irrelevant to their concerns or questions about teaching. Still, the real reason why teachers do not always apply current educational research in the classroom is that they believe that their own practices are correct at any given time. In spite of Kennedys focus on the connection between educational research and practice, it took her a long time to adjust to a new culture of schooling.Given that educational research is growing by leaps and bounds nowadays, it is but natural for other teachers also to take a long time to adjust to new knowledge in the classroom. transfigure may sometimes be imposed upon the teachers, as in the case of new technologies that must be adopted in our times in a large number of schools around the globe (Bell, Codde and Bell). When change is not imposed upon the teachers, it is difficult for them to decide on the kinds of changes to adopt and disr egard. According to a website on education Educational research is potentially a great resource for supporting learner-centered practices, but there is a disjuncture between the worlds of the educational researcher and the practitioner (whether faculty member, instructional technologist, or learning designer).A few ears ago at the International Conference on Learning Sciences held in Ann Arbor, keynote vocalizer Linda Roberts commented on a 500+ page proceeding, saying This is fabulous, relevant, and meaningful work the only problem is no one who needs it is going to read it. That is, there is not much of a bridge between research and practice (Bridging Teaching and Learning Research and Practice). Educational research has consistently focussed on student-centered practices. Nonetheless, the constantly growing amount of research is expected to bewilder teachers about the appropriate teaching styles to adopt at any given time. The adoption of new technologies was considered necessa ry change.In cases where change is not considered urgent, however, there is bound to remain a wide gap between educational research and teacher practice. As mentioned previously, even educational researchers disagree about the kinds of changes that must be considered relevant or irrelevant. Hence, teachers are left with no choice but to take a long time to adjust. Teachers may additionally choose not to adjust to new knowledge. This is because the teachers values are imperative in the classroom. His or her belief system may not concede to a certain change in teaching style. Besides, change is often very difficult to adjust to. Hence, the lack of connection between educational research and practice is unavoidable in reality.

Manipulates History Essay Example for Free

Manipulates History EssayRichard iii Manipulates the Court of York in the same government agency that Shakespeare Manipulates History. Discuss the links between the playwright and protagonist.Richard may be portrayed as an evil, vile, lying attainer exclusively he actually has many aspects in common with the man who shaped him into this revolting reconcile of mind, Shakespeare himself. Shakespeares Richard III is one of the merely written documents we obtain describing this misapprehended force and Shakespeare was born many years later on his death so he had no possible way of knowing what happened frontmost hand. All cause points to Shakespeares ideas being total fiction just as the Richard he describes lies and slanders to the courts.When we first meet Richard he direct begins a soliloquy to the reference who are captivated with resentment for him as they are the throng include in his plots and plans and are powerless to impede them. Right from the start he esta blishes himself as a synonym for evil. He portrays to the audience ab protrude his physical deformity with pleasure, which we later see is a metaphor for his psychological state of mind.Being Cheated of feature by dissembling nature (Act I exposure 1 striving 19) he uses it to mask his evil and rationalize his becoming a villain. He feigns upset and disappointment that people hate him solely because of his malformation and routinely feel sympathy for him.Because I cannot flatter and look fair, grin in mens faces smooth, deceive and cogI must be held a rancorous enemy.(Act I convulsion 3 Lines 43-50)This of tune is an framework of dramatic irony as the audience and Richard both know that he really should be held a rancorous enemy and he does flatter, smile smooth, deceive and cog for example when he woos Anne in almost impossible circumstances.He validates his impiety by telling the audience of his tediousness with life. He states I have no delight to pass away the time (Act I Scene 1 line 25) as he cannot caper nimbly in a ladys chamber (Line 12). at present the war is over there is nothing he is good at so he resorts to the only other thing he has left using his aptitude to cause others misery. To him it is merely exciting to nearly get caught.He wants to be king but not for the joy of being king but for the suspense of getting there. All he really wishes to do is make his tedious life much interesting as really he has no need to be higher than he is at the beginning as the Duke of Gloucester is a truly high position with nearly as much money as the king would have had as he was his brother. In any case he was decidedly well off where he was.Shakespeare was living under the reign of Elizabeth I and as would often frame plays for royalty, he created one for her. Writing a play would definitely impress Elizabeth and get him into her good books, he would certainly have gotten a large sum of money for it if she liked it.This was the time of the Tudor dynasty the fanny of which was when Richard III was killed and Richmond became king. By writing this play Shakespeare set out to diminish the fact that this had undermined the godly Right of Kings. If he had portrayed Richard as a good man then Richmond could have been said to be wrong and evil for killing a righteous man and his claim to the canful devalued a extensive with Elizabeth I as they were related. Shakespeare would have most likely been killed for suggesting this, but by make Richmond seem virtuous benevolent and respectable he was also flattering the Queen.Through the course of the play Richard doesnt ever think twice about quickly disposing of enemies in his way. He cleverly lets them pestle their own stack with one word. When Hastings was no longer any use to him he first used Buckingham to stir things up and push him onto thin ice. Then Richard comes onstage in an angry bodily fluid talking of witchcraft and as soon as Hastings says If they have done this, my noble lord- (Act III Scene 4 Line 72) Richard immediately and tactfully picks up the word if. It is what he has been waiting for and clamours Talkst gigabyte to me of ifs? Thou art a traitor. Off with his head (Lines 74-75) He has skilfully sealed Hastings fate with one word.He also uses the fact that the two princes are illegitimate as an excuse to murder them, telling Buckingham I wish the bastards dead (Act IV Scene 2 Line 19) But he has the common sense not to make a public matter and hires a private bravo to do the butchery.From the rattling beginning when Richard successfully woos Anne he reveals to the audience that he does not truly fright about her at all and entrust unhesitatingly get rid of her as soon as she begins to get in his way.He says Ill have her, but I will not stay on her long (Act I Scene 2 Line 233) and as soon Richard sees that the best way to the flock is to marry his niece he quickly disposes of Anne with little thought telling Catesby to Rumour it a broad that Anne my wife is very grievous ghastly (Act IV Scene 2 Line 52) and Give out that Anne my queen is sick and like to die (Line 58). With this rumour spread Richard can easily kill Anne off without raising qualm as everybody is expecting her to die.The play begins unusually with Richard himself giving a soliloquy. In it he brags to the audience about the plots I have laid, inductions tremendous Clarence and the king in deadly hate (Act I Scene 1 Lines 34-35). He cycles through his strategies with the audience saying G of Edwards heirs the murderer shall be (Line 41) is a rumour he has spread. This is also moderately dangerous for Richard to say as he is the duke of Gloucester. But Richard is just playing with fire and finds the slight danger mirthful as it makes his life more interesting and exciting.When Clarence arrives with the prison guard he immediately transforms to a caring, kind brother but subtly plays on words saying I will perform it to enfranchise you (Line 110) which means to Clarence that Richard will do anything to free him but the audience and Richard both know that he will do anything to free Clarence from life. This is the same case later when he tells Clarence Your imprisonment shall not be long (Line 114) as the audience also knows that this is because he will be dead soon. As soon as Clarence is out of earshot, Richard mutates back into his true identity stating Clarence hath not another day to live (Line 151).He is towering of his management of Clarence but tells himself and the audience Clarence still breathes, Edward still reigns, when they are gone, then must I run my gains (Lines 162-163). His plan is not complete yet. Richards plan is rushed somewhat when there is news that the king is on his deathbed. He wants Edward to die but not before he has signed Clarences death warrant and so goes to Edward To urge his hatred more to Clarence (Line 148).He is Deformed, unfinished, sent before my time (Act I Scene 1 Line 20) an d may kill anyone anytime, but is not just pure evil. He is also an highly intelligent character, with his quick thinking and clever use of words, who could possibly have been a great king if he would use his vast intellect for good, which is mainly why the play is not only a history but also a tragedy, as we know Richard could make something of himself.The court of York is already very unstable, the king is ill, the heir to the throne is a child and his protector is Richard, A man that loves not me nor no(prenominal) of you (Act I Scene 3 Line 13) and Richard uses this to his advantage. When Elizabeth threatens to g to the king about Richard he immediately comes out with all the crimes she had committed against the king.

Finding the Exception Essay Example for Free

decision the Exception EssayI remember riding my oscillation to school e real solar day and visual perception those two men working on their cpss in their garage, little did I know that they would be the constituteers of the trek Bicycle Corporation. My mother told this to me a few months subscribe when we were reminiscing on the good ol days. Waterloo, one of the smallest towns I view ever been too, is home to the success of French history. Its journey cycle per seconds are now the Tour de France winning frames that brought fishgig Armstrong his victories and brought the midwest its spotlight on making the first American bike frames to win the worlds most honored bicycle race. By 1984, travel was at its peak and gross sales were around $20,000 with approximately fifty kilobyte treks being sold in the United States (Burke, 2012). However Trek had grown arrogant, and the problems were lead astraying to show (Burke, 2012). inside demarcation success lies problems and for this company the early years presented many because Trek did non like the bicycle retailers that they were dealing with, they had no brand st driftgy, and they had no money to advertiseIt seems that the most successful backupes start with the exasperation of at least one person. For Trek it was the vision of Richard Burke and Bevel Hogg. Burke was a author accountant that took interest in investments. Hogg was the owner of a Midwestern chain of bicycle stores. maculation Burke spent 15 years perfecting his blood line skills with Roth Corporation in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Hogg was growing shopworn of the retail business while keeping his heart with bicycles. Burke had a passion for outdoor cheer which drove him toward the bicycle market. During a meeting between the two men in 1975 when they sought to lick the issue of foreign do crossing. Their main competitor at the fourth dimension was Schwinn bu this company dominated the specialisation retail market but their bi kes were Nipponese made. Burke and Hogg wanted to sell American-made crop for the alike(p) specialty. The company began as a five-person operation in a barn and is now a globally oriented company with distribution in 65 countries and over 1500 employees worldwide.What made the Trek bicycle so unique? Their mission was and still is simple, build the best bikes in the world. The frame sets were handmade from steel. The style was adopted from a European brazing style with its own American flavor. Tim Issac, an early frame engineer, said that a Trek bicycle could be identified without any paint on it. The company was blessed with the right designers and tolling base to use exactly the right materials to create much(prenominal) unique frame sets. The company had successfully found a way to distinguish itself. In order to succeed, you can non just sell any brand you rent to produce some social function special (Burke, 2012, p. 4). Once this is established its time to settle on a d istribution conduct to ensure customers are being reached. At the time, Penn Cycle, outside of Minneapolis, Minnesota was Treks dealer. What attracted this dealer to Trek was that non unaccompanied(prenominal) did this bicycle manufacturer provide lightweight, advanced bicycles, but they were also made in the United States. food market shares were quickly gaining from the Japanese and European competitors and the company was gaining dealers from Madison to San Francisco and sales had grown to over $1,000,000. After expanding the knack to allow for assembly lines and paint factories, reshaping the entire business, the company was able to hire its first true sales representatives and in that respect in lies its customer service foundation. In 1981, sales doubles and again in 1982. In 1983, the company was already building additions to the factory. The business growth inspired a movements on the West shore in corporations like Gary Fisher.Then in 1985, sales were over $20,000,00 0 But, as with any fast road growth, Trek was facing a net loss for the second year straight. The totals sales in 1984 did not meet expectations and theatrical role control was lacking which angered retailers. The assembly line was built but it seemed as thought the company didnt know how to keep it moving forward. On top of that the turn over rate was lacking. John Burke, the son of Richard Burke, who worked for his fathers business remembers writing orders and them showing up at the customer two weeks after but yet having other orders written on prior sales call that still were not arriving to the customers (Burke, 2012, p. 10).The prime(prenominal) in the company was deteriorating. There were paint problems, frames were out of alignment, credits that were promised were not going through, and so forth I worked hard and sold a lot of product but the problems from the home office unbroken mounting (Burke, 2012). Retailers were becoming more and more upset which pushed Trek even harder and the company was falling apart. node services shapes or brakes a company in the retail world and Treks mission was to make every customer happy. It was up to their customer service department to bring this company back up and that is exactly what John Burke did. He knew that they undeniable to regain their focus, and that he needed to take a more active role in the companies day-to-day operations. A lot of options were being faced which include closing the operation and liquidating the business, sell the company, or turn it around. We decided to roll up our sleeves and get it through with(p) (Burke, 2012).There is one method in business that seems to always prevail and that is the back-to-basics approach. Build a role product, at a competitive value, that can be delivered on time while maintaining a overbearing work environment for customers and employees. Most importantly, deliver profit. The company first needed to start shipping orders on the same day. Cross train ing is always an excellent tool and this was a perfect opportunity for the business-suited employees to start putting their hand in on the factory work. The factory would get backed up and so the office workers would go into the warehouse and make sure that orders were fulfilled. Saturdays may seem like a day of rest for some but for Trek to succeed it had to require work on the weekends. Not only were deadlines met but lousy product needed to stop making it out the door. This truly shows the customer that their ask arebeing met no matter what it takes.Organizational buying process is such an important business practice. With the many years of developed partnerships Trek has established, the company now has suppliers around the world that allow the fulfilment of demands of the product line. In the 1980s, when Trek was struggling, they were overlooking one very important aspect of their customer relationships-what is the essential value of their product? They were not going to thei r buyers and simply asking if they could help them set about a marketer based on the value they were proposing.One a vendor is found on that point is some search that is to be done as well. Does this vendor have good history? Who has worked with them in the past? Is there opportunity to save some money in the mean time? Reliable quality product is what businesses thrive on. Any product that is overpriced needs to be discontinue and new products need to be developed that hit the right price points. When potential suppliers are identified, theyre evaluated on four criteria quality, delivery, capability, price, and environmental tinge of their production process (Kerin, 2005).In an industry such as bicycle production, the operational approach to steering is essential. This approach is dedicated to improving efficiency, cutting waste, and improving quality (Kreitner Cassidy, 2011). By staying in line with business ethics, the manager of Trek would have put more energy into buildi ng smash product so that it would support the challenges faced today such as limited mobility, issues with the environment, and now more than ever, issues with health. Essentially the bike must work well. If the name Trek is one it then there is quality behind it and this quality needs to be adhered to in the warehouse during production. At the time, Trek probably could not have seen that the bicycle would become the simple solution to all of these things but just as we embrace the availability of such innovation, managers of any business should be at least two steps ahead as to nigh predict the future day, therefore focusing on sustaining the reputable quality product that the company originated from.In 1988, Trek introduced the Model 1200 aluminum road bike. This was the turning point for the company. This was true quality at a very competitive price. The original dollar amount was $500. Originally the company planned to sell 3,000 of these models but at the end of the year 12, 000 were sold. This is when a business needs to reevaluate its retail margin. What goals are being made to improve the amount of retailers and what is the target date? Buyer centers then need to help the company find vendors to find the right place to sell new product. impudent strategic visions for new models and components builds a better business.Trek was learning, slowly but surely, that they needed to look at their own processes, understand how they make their product, how they fountain their product, and how they will continue to bring their product to the market and maybe at the end of the day, saving a dollar or two. How could Trek build bicycles that last longer, maybe even use recycles tires. each business has room for improvement. Business owners should always be looking for ways to bring new technology and solutions into the marketplace.By 1996 Trek was now over $300 million in sales. At this point in the time the company was expanded in Europe to include Japan. Howev er, when there is sunshine expect rain and when there is rain expect for sun. After Trek ramped up their budgets by 20 percent in 1996, 20% more product was to be produced. Sales forecasts were starting to get missed which left inventory levels dead reckoning through the roof. The company was yet again out of balance. There were more bikes in inventory than sales. Every year bicycle products are expected to change, therefore this high inventory of product needed to be discounted heavily in order for sales to continue. This only hurts profit margins. Basically what happened was that Trek grew too spacious too fast.Just about an hour away form Waterloo is the Whitewater Trek manufacturing plant. When this plant was first loose in 1995, the goal seemed to still be manufacturing low-price point bikes.We got out of 1996 making a profit, but the future was no longer bright, and storm clouds were on the horizon (Burke, 2012). Then numbers continued to look worsened and worse as the year s went on. Finally in 1998, Tim Callahan was hired on to Trek to take over manufacturing. He turned over Trek manufacturing that essentially saved the business, yet another time.The concept of Kaizen, Japanese for continuous improvement was used first to turn the Trek factories around. In the gift-that-keeps-on-giving department, we took Kaizen to our dealer network and it has continued to make an amazing difference to this day (Burke, 2012). Businesses to do not There was one other thing that added to Treks new found momentum in success. Trek signed a sponsorship deal with the US postal Service to sponsor a bike team. Thanks to Lance Armstrong, who had a good group of riders, Trek appeared in the 1999 Tour de France. Lances winnings gave Trek the opportunity to show up on the front of Sports Illustrated and The New York Times, as well as on the Letterman show (Burke, 2012). Business was great until the year 2006. Production needed a facelift. How do you keep a product backed for ye ars by consumers by maintaining its quality and reputation?For consumers of Trek bicycles, there is customer loyalty. Just like with Apple computer or quick-witted phones. Why such lettering from the customer? Trek figure out that to continue this relationship they would not only have to continue to build quality bicycles-the best in the world but they would provide their customers with quality products at competitive value that would be delivered on time. Just as with Apple computers, the product continues to prove itself in quality, never leaving the customer unsatisfied. IF there is a problem for whatever reason, dedication to customer sanctification shines the most by fixing whatever issue there may be in a timely fashion. When Senior Burke fired the management team and asked John to move back to Wisconsin to run Treks customer service department, he learned the value of maintaining relationships with retailers and customers.

Cheating in College Essay Example for Free

Cheating in College EssayIn the article, Cheating in College by Scott Jaschik published in Inside Higher Ed (September 2012), we look in depth as to why we as students sometimes cheat and are okay with it. A scandal took place at Harvard University that had to do with slicker, and what professors and educators could do about stopping students from doing so.Professors from various universities asked some questions regarding the article and seemed interested in component part with the matter. Is cheating suitting worse? Jaschik answers back with several things. They had done a study to test how many students were cheating in 2010 and shows declining in cheating. They planned to do more tests in 2012.Students try and justify that cheating is okay because its simply the real world and believe they can use Internet for anything because its faster and easier. Studies found that students that have time management issues are the ones doing most of the Internet using and cheating, o nly also they argue that while asked to do something for an employer, they dont have enough time to move into up with original work and need factual cultivation so it makes it okay.The article also compares information to generations before. students do not appear to be less aware of moral implications associated with cheating, but have convinced(p) themselves that what they are doing isnt cheating. Students came up with excuses and rationalized choices that made morals become invalid and convince themselves that in that respect is no other choice. Cheating on more written assignments rather than testing is the difference in the midst of cheating throughout the generations.Colleges are now trying to find ways to better educate students so they dont cheat. They came up with an honor code to build more of an ethicalcommunity and acculturation throughout the University. Not all universities have jumped onto the Honor Code idea, but they are finding raw codes everyday to help wit h the issue of cheating in colleges.Cheating in colleges is an issue all virtually the United States, and coming up with ways to prevent the issues is what the article is trying to do. Its trying to get educators to come up with a way, such as an honor code, to get cheating to stop on campuses.

Raisin’ in the Sun Essay Example for Free

Raisin in the Sun Es submit1. WALTER You wouldnt understand yet, son, but your daddys gonna bring forth a transaction . . . a business transaction thats going to change our lives. Thats how sleep together one day when you bout seventeen years old Ill fill out home . . . Ill pull the car up on the drive way . . . just a plain black Chrysler, I think, with white wallsnoblack tires . . . the gardener exit be clipping away at the hedges and hell say, Good evening, Mr. Younger. And Ill say, Hello, Jefferson, how are you this evening? And Ill go inside and Ruth will come downstairs and meet me at the door and well kiss each other and shell take my arm and well go up to your room to see you sitting on the floor with the catalogues of all the great schools in the States around you. All the great schools in the world Andand Ill say, all right sonits your seventeenth birthday, what is it youve decided? (Act II, scene ii) Walters speech is addressed to Travis closing one of the most heavy scenes in the play and foreshadowing the climax of the novel.Walter is explaining that he is going to invest money choosing his own way instead of agreeing with other family members. Walter was working as a chauffeur to rich people and he had hear about benefits of investing. Walter becomes obsessed with this idea and he is dreaming about wealthy future describing luxurious cars he will have. He is sure that his dreams with inevitable come true and, therefore, he uses will, not if in sentences. His dream is not fully materialistic as he sees chances to improve relations with his wife and Travis will study in the best colleges.In such a way Walter is growing to maturity when he thinks about his family, their provisions etc. 2. WALTER We have decided to move into our house because my fathermy fatherhe earned it for us brick by brick. We dont insufficiency to make no trouble for nada or fight no causes, and we will try to be good neighbors. And thats all we got to say about t hat. We dont want your money. (Act III) Walters words are addressed to Mr. Linder after Walter reveals that liquor store has been stolen.Walter shows first signs of disobedience and disagreement as other family members dont want to accept Mr. Linder buyout. This quotation shows that Walter has his own ideas, desires and beliefs. Moreover, he is willing to act as independent and self-sufficient personality. Walter shifts his priorities. He has changed as earlier he focused his attention on money only, but now he is taking care of his family. It is possible to say that he has become a man.ReferencesHansberry, Lorraine. (2004). A Raisin in the Sun. regular army Vintage.

Attachment - Psychology Essay Example for Free

chemical bond Psychology screenDevelopmentalPsychologyEarly societal DevelopmentAttachmentAttachment An frantic bond amongst twain people. It is a two- steeringprocess that endures all over time. It leads to certain demeanors such as clinging and proximity-seeking andserves the function of defend the infant. Primary adjunct figureThe person who has formed the closest bond with a child, marchd by the enduringness of the relationship. Usuallythe biological mother, but other people butt end fulfil the intent. Learning theoryA group of explanations which explain behavior in termsof learning rather than any inwrought or higher enouncetendencies. mainly apply by behaviourists who rather focustheir explanations purely on what behaviour they observe.Learning schemeClassical Conditioning (Pavlov)Unconditioned Stimulus (US) foodUnconditioned chemical reaction (UR) pleasanceNeutral Stimulus (NS) the feederConditioned Stimulus (CS) food from a feederConditioned Resp onse (CR) pleasure/ fastenerLearning Theory Operant Conditioning Reinforcement When doing something results in a lovableconsequence, the behaviour is to a greater extent(prenominal) likely to be produced. Punishment When doing something results in an unpleasantconsequence, the behaviour is unlikely to be produced. Dollard and Miller (1950) explain holdfast using operant conditioning When an infant is fed it reduces dis informality and pluss pleasure, this serves as a reward and is the primaryreinforcer. The person supplying the food is associatedwith avoiding discomfort and is the source of reward whichbecomes the thirdhand reinforcer. Attachment occursbecause the child seeks the person who supplies thereward.Evaluating the Learning Theory StrengthsIt weed provide adequate explanations of how hampers form. Behaviourists argue that since we atomic number 18 do up of the same building blocks of stimulus/response environments experiments done on animals argon unhazardous t o generalize to human behaviour. Weakness It whitethorn be attention and responsiveness from the apprehensiongiver that is the primary reinforcer, non food. Learning theory is largely base on studies with non-human animals. Human behaviour whitethorn be confusable in many ways but learning theory does non recall higher order thinking and emotions that faeces influence behaviour. Harlow (1959) demonstrated that it is not food but the train of contact and comfort the infant receives that increases adhesiveness levels. The use of young rhesus monkeys were used to demonstrate this. 60 babies were studied in Glasgow and form that addition was higher to the person who was most responsive and who interacted with them to a greater extent (Schaffer and Emerson,1964).Cant explain the greatness of cuttingness in attachment.Bowlbys Attachment Theory (1969) ELEMENTS OF BOWLBYS ATTACHMENT THEORY Attachment is adaptational and innate Bowlbys theory is an evolutionary theory because it sees attachment as a behaviour that adds to its option andultimately its reproductive value. Having attachmentcapabilities is an innate drive, similar to imprinting, that has long term benefits ensuring it stays close to its carry ongiver. oscilloscope on the Theory of Evolution Adaptive behaviours argon behaviours that increase thelikelihood of survival and reproduction. Natural survival is the continuation of these adaptive traits within the animal to increase chances of survival. Sexual selection is the ability to reproduce, not plainly survive. Adaptive genes that lead to bearing traits to assist inreproduction increases sexual selection.Bowlbys Attachment Theory reactive Period A biologically determined period of time during the second quarter of the first year is the most crucial period in which attachments mickle be made. Once missed then it is more difficult for a child to make attachments and demonstrate cordial difficulties. Caregiving is adaptive Not only at tachment but also business organisationgiving is adaptively innate. Social releasers from the infant give signals to the financial aidgiver (smiling, crying, etc) to take make do of it. Attachment is the innate system in babies and caregiving is the innate system in adults. Secure base Having a secure attachment provides a child with a secure base in which to explore the humankind from. It fosters independence, not dependence. Monotropy and power structure Infants form a number of distinct attachments but has one dissolveicular bias towards a genuinely special one called the primary attachment, this is called monotropy. Even with secondary attachments, this hierarchy of attachments recognizes the importance of a primary attachment figure (PAF). The PAF is one that responds most highly sensitively to the childs sociable releasers. Secondary attachments are important, without them, children tend to neglect social skills.Bowlbys Attachment Theory Internal working model A ment al model of the world that enables individuals to predict and control their environment. The internalworking model based on attachment has several(prenominal)consequences In the short-term it gives the child insight into the caregivers behaviour and enables the child to influencethe caregivers behaviour so that a received partnership canbe formed. In the long-term it acts as a template for all prox relationships because it generates expectations close tohow people be retain. The continuity hypothesis The subject that emotionally secure infants go on to beemotionally secure, trusting and socially confident adults.Evaluating Attachment Theory StrengthsLorenz (1952) supports that imprinting is innate as the goslings imprinted on the first thing they saw moving, which was Lorenz.Research shows that once the sensitive period has passed and no attachments are formed, children break social difficulties with peers. If attachment and caregiving are an important biological function as Bo wlby suggests then they would be tack together universally. Tronick et al (1992) studied an African tribe in congou tea and anchor despite tribal responsibleness for raising kids a PAF is present. This is also evidence of monotropy.Schaffer and Emerson found that the more quickly a caregiver responded to a childs needs and the more interaction they had led to a stronger level of attachment. This interaction is important as it is not enough to train something to cuddle but to actually be cuddled back builds a stronger attachment.The Minnesota longitudinal theme (2005) found that continuity among early attachment and subsequent emotional/social behaviour. Infants assort as secure were subsequent rated highest for social competence, less isolated, more empathetic and more popular.Evaluating Attachment Theory Weaknesses Multiple attachments, according to psychologists, are as equally important. There are no primary or secondaryattachments, all attachments are integrated into on e singleworking model. However, a review the look into points to thehierarchical model as being predominant (Prior and Glaser,2006).An alternative explanation to the continuity hypothesis exists, cognise as the temperament hypothesis. This is the belief that children form secure attachments simply because they defecate a more abstemious temperament from birth, whereas more innately difficult children a more likely to form insecure attachments. The infants sullen characteristics shapes a mothers level of responsiveness. Thomas and Chess (1977) identified infant personality types as easy, difficult and slow-to-warm-up. Belsky and Rovine (1987) found a link between physiological behaviours and later attachments types. The more calm and less anxious (aspects of temperament) an infant was the more likely they were to develop secure attachments.Types of Attachment The Strange Situation (Ainsworth and Wittig, 1969)http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTsewNrHUHU end to see how infants behave under situations of attemptwith the introduction of a stranger and the insularism ofthe upraise. This tests stranger perplexity and separationanxiety and also the infants willingness to explore with its secure base.Procedure a 99 query manner marked off into 16 squareswas used. The procedure consists of 8 episodesMEMORISE THEMData is collected by a group of observers that recordedwhat the infant was doing every 15 seconds. Observernoted the type of behaviour and level of intensity on ascale of 1-7.Types of Attachment The Strange Situation Findings Ainsworthcombined information from several studies tomake 106 middle-class infants observed.Similarities and differences were found in the waythe infants behaved. In terms of similarities, it wasnoted that episode 2 onwards exploratorybehaviour decreased succession crying increased.Proximity-seeking and contact-maintainingincreased during separation and when strangerappeared. Finally, contact-resisting and proximityavoiding behavi ours seldom occurred towards the caregiver prior to separation.Types of Attachment The Strange Situation FindingsAinsworth found differences in three main types of children. Insecure-avoidant this is a style of attachment characterising those children that tend to avoid social interaction and liaison with others. Secure attachment this is a strong and contented attachment of an infant to his or her caregiver which develops as a result of sensitive responding by the caregiver to the infants needs.Insecure- kind this is a style of ambivalent attachment characterisingchildren who both seek and reject intimacy and social interaction.Main and Solomon (1986) re-analysed the strange situation video tapes and created a fourth attachment typeInsecure-disorganised these infants lack a coherent and consistent strategy for dealing with the stress of separation.Secure% of infants(Ainsworth, 1978)% of infants (VanIjzendoorn et , 1999)InsecureavoidantInsecureresistantInsecuredisorganised66%22%12% XXX62%15%9%15%Evaluating Types of Attachment StrengthsAinsworths Strange Situation technique has given psychologists a means to under substantiate and psychoanalyze attachment which can lead to new future findings. Intervention strategies have been developed to strengthen caregiving behaviour and attachments types. The Circle of Security Project (Cooper et al, 2005) which t severallyes caregivers to recognise signs of distress showed a decrease in disordered caregiving and an increase in secure attachment types.It has proven to be experimentally valid as its construct validness has been demonstrated by other studies supporting the four types of attachments and its predictive validity has been demonstrated in correlation coefficients between early attachment types and later behaviours. Its findings are also consistent which makes them reliable. Using interobserver reliablity methods, Ainsworth found almost finished agreement at . 94 between the raters (1.0 is perfect). Weakness Or does it lack validity, because it is intended to measure the attachment type of an infant, BUT does it really simply measure the pure tone of a particular relationship? Main and Weston (1981) claim it is measuring one relationship instead of something innate within an individual. Evaluating Types of Attachment Effects of attachment types Bowlbys continuity hypothesis would predict that a childs behaviour later in life would be terminationed by specificattachment types they develop. Prior and Glaser (2006) found that in later childhood, if as infants they developed a secure attachment type, they wouldbe less emotionally dependent and possess moreinterpersonal harmony. Infants with the other three typeswould be more aggressive, negative withdrawn in laterchildhood. It would also effect you in your adult romantic lives as well. Hazen and Shaver (1987) conducted the Love Quiz whichasked questions active early experiences and current loveexperiences and found that there were characte risticpatterns of later romantic behaviour associated with eachearly attachment type.Evaluating Types of Attachment Factors that influence attachment type aesthesia Ainsworth developed the Maternal Sensitivity Scale to rate mothers behaviour such as sensitivity and insensitivity to infants signals. The scale found hard disposed infantObservedMothers bxIn firmlyattached infantAvoidant infantResistant infantmore sensitive,cooperatingUnresponsive tocrying lessaffectionateMore rejecting andless attentiongivingPreoccupied with practise activities whenholding infantMaternal reflective functioning Some studies have shown low correlations between measures of sensitivity and strength of attachment. Slade et al (2005) found the ability to understand what someone else is thinking or feeling may be more important.Temperament May play a role as previous look for indicates, but it is unclear. cultural Variations in Attachment KNOW the definitions of civilization, culturalvariations and the dif ference betweenindividualistic and socialistic cultures (pg.45) Cross-cultural Similarities AinsworthsUganda landing field (1967) Tronick et al (1992) study on the African tribe inZaire Fox (1977) infants in Isreali kibbutz raised bynurses when tested in the Strange Situationappeared equally attached to both caregivers,except in the reunion behaviour where theyshowed greater attachment to their mothers.Cultural Variations in Attachment Cross-cultural Differences Grossman and Grossman (1991) found that German infants appear more insecurely attached rather than secure. This may be due to the different childrearing practices as German culture involves keeping some interpersonal distance from the parent and infant. Takahashi (1990) used the Strange Situation on a group of 60 middle-class infants in lacquer and found similar rates of secure attachment. However, the infants showed no evidence of insecure-avoidant and high rates of insecureresistance (32%). Different childrearing practi ces can explain the difference for in Japan the infants are rarely ever separated from their parents which is wherefore they would be more distressed than their American counterparts. Conclusions These studies suggest that the strongest attachments are still formed with their mothers and that there are differences in attachment that can be have-to doe withd to differences in cultural attitudes. Meta-analysis study by Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) examined over 2000 Strange Situation classification studies in 8 countries. They found the variation between countries and culture were nice with secure attachment being the most common in all countries followed by insecure-avoidant except in Japan and Israel. Variations within cultures however were greater. In conclusion the findings appear to be similar to that found in the US and this supports the view that attachment is an innate and biological process. Also entropy collected on different subcultures should not be generalis ed to be representative of a particular culture.Criticisms of Research on CulturalVariations Culture biasRothbaum et al (2000) argued that attachment theory and investigate is not relevant to other countries because it is root in American culture. For example, the sensitivity hypothesis reflects western ideas of autonomy whereas in Japan sensitivity is about promoting dependence. The continuity hypothesis states thatsecure infant attachments create more competent adults, however, this competence is defined in terms of individuation. The secure base hypothesis in the west explains secure attached infants as autarkical and confident exploring whereas in Japan theypromote dependence and the concept of amae and so this canexplain why insecure-resistant behaviours are more typical.Rothbaum concludes that psychologists should produce a set of indigenous theories that are explanations of attachment that are grow in individual cultures with a small group of universal principles (infant ne ed for protection) but mostly with childcare practices relating to cultural values.Rothbaum was challenged by Posada and Jacobs (2001) whichshows that attachment theory does apply to most cultures.Criticisms of Research on CulturalVariations Criticisms of cross-cultural investigate Testsof procedures used may not be equally validin the country and may make the culture appearinferior or abnormal. This is an example ofimposed etic. This is when a inquiry method isused in one culture even thought it was designed tobe used in another (intelligence tests or observations). The group that was tested may not berepresentative of the culture and yet researchersmight make generalisations about the whole cultureor even the whole country. din of Attachment Effects of SeparationSpitz and Wolf (1946) observed 100 children in an universe became severely gloomy after a few months.Skeels and Dye (1939) found similar children scored lower on intelligence tests.Bifulo et al (1992) found that negat ive effectuate of de want may occur later in life. When 249 women who had lost their mothers out front they were 17 were studied, it was found that they were twice as likely to develop depressive/anxiety disorders later in life.Robertsons (1967-73) made films observing the effects of separation in childrenWhen given a high level of emotional care and similar structures to that of their family life, the children exhibited some signs of distress, however, slept well and did not reject their PAF when they were reunited. Some were even reluctant to part with the foster mother which is a sign of a good emotional bond.John, however, was in a babys room and not given such attention. He became withdrawn and gave up on proximity seeking bx. When he was reunited with his mother he rejected her for months and demonstrated outbursts of anger towards her. upset of Attachment Physical and Emotional Disruption As the research evidence shows differences in the way physical and emotional attenti on is given can producenegative effects in children. However, there are studiesthat show these ill effects can be reversed. Sigvardsson (1979) studied over 600 choose children in Sweden and at the season of eleven, 26% of them wereclassified as problem children. However in a follow up study, ten years later they were no worse off than theaver be on population. So when alternative emotional care is provided, ill effects of separation can be reversed. However, for somechildren disruption of attachment leads to permanentdifficulties. To criticise the validity of the research consider that they are based on case studies. Weakness of case studies arethat they are based on generalisations and they depend onobjectivity of the observers and are prone to observer bias.Failure to Form Attachment free children Privation is the lack of having any attachments due to the failure todevelop such attachments early in life. djinnThe Czech twinsLocked in a room by her father until she was 13. When discovered she could not stand erect or speak. She was disinterested in people and never recovered socially.Locked away by their step-mother until the age of 7. Were looked after by their sisters and by 14 had normal social and intellectual capabilities. By 20 they had supra average intelligence andexcellent social skills.EvaluationWas unclear whether or not Genie was decelerate at birth or if she ever formed an attachment with her mother. The Czech twins may have formed attachments to each other to compensate for complete lack of care. It is difficult to reach firm conclusions based on only these cases.Failure to Form Attachment Institutional CareMultiple studies show that the effects of institutionalisation within children is acute distress.Longitudinal studies have been conducted to see what long term effects arecaused by institutionalisation.Hodges and Tizard (1989) followed a group of 65 British children from early life to adolescence. Children have been place in an instituti on from in the first place they were 4 months old. Children have not yet formed attachments at this age. An early study found that 70% of the children were not able to care deeply for anyone.The children were assessed regularly up to the age of 16. Some children remained while most were adopted or restored with their original families. The restored children were less likely to develop an attachment with their mothers but the adopted ones were as closely attached to their adopted parents as the control group. However, both groups had problems with peers and showed signs of disinhibited attachment.These findings suggest that early privation had negative effects on the ability to form relationships even when given good subsequent emotional care. If failure to develop attachments after the sensitive period occur it can have an irreversible effect on emotional development.Failure to Form Attachment Effects of Privation and Institutionalisation Attachment disorder This has been accepted as a psychiatric condition and has been included in the DSMIV. There are two kinds of attachment disorder, inhibited and disinhibited. Children with an attachment disorder have no PAF, cant interact or relate to others before the age of 5 and have experienced severe neglect or frequent changes in caregivers. lamentable parenting skills Harlows monkeys that were raised with surrogate mothers went on to become poor parents. Also, Quinton et al (1984) found similar findings when he compared 50 women who had been raised in institutions. When the women were in their 20s the ex-institutionalised mothers were experiencing extremedifficulties acting as parents. departure dwarfism Physical evidence by Gardner (1972) that institutionalised children are physically underdeveloped, potentially caused by stress hormones. Evaluation In the study of Romanian children, one-third recovered well despite not establishing a PAF prior to the sensitive period. Therefore, privation alone cannot explain negative outcomes. This suggests that damage occurs when there are duple risk factors (Turner and Lloyd, 1995). Not sure if the children failed to form attachments early in life. Maybe they did and the problems they experienced later were more colligate to rejection.Impact of solar day CareDay Care the form of temporary care not given by the family or someone well known to the child and usually outside of the home.Social development the aspect of a childs growth concerned with the development of sociability, where the child learns to relate to others and with the process of socialisation, the child learns social skills appropriate to the society. Negative effects on social development Meta-analysis from findings of 88 studies supports Bowlbys research that prolonged separation from the PAF leads to maladjustment. Violata and Russell (1994) concluded that regular twenty-four hour period care for more than 20 hrs a week had an unmistakable negative effect on socio-emotional dev elopment, behaviour and attachment of young children. NICHD in USA conducted a longitudinal study of over 1000 children. Parents were interviewed regarding the effects of regular day care. The study showedthat the more time a child spent in day care, regardless of quality, the adults rated them as more disobedient and aggressive (NICHD, 2003). The children in day care were 3 times more likely to demonstrate behavioural problems than children that were cared by their mothers. Melhuish (2004) found evidence that children with high levels of day care in the first two years of development had elevated risks of developing anti-social behaviours. The Minnesota longitudinal study demonstrated the more securely attached infants are the more popular with peers they become. So therefore, the more insecure an infant, more peer related problems could be expected. Belsky and Rovine (1988) assessed attachment in children in day care and found that were more likely to be insecurely attached compar ed to children at home.Impact of Day Care Positive effects on social developmentGood day care provides plenty of social stimulation, whereas, children living at home may lack social interactions.Brown and Harris (1978) found depressed mothers contributedtheir low moods to being isolated at home with children.Depressed mothers are likely to form insecure attachments with their children which would have a negative effect on their children. Therefore, the independence gained with having a child in day care is a way to prevent this.Clarke-Stewart et al (1994) studied 150 children and found they were consistently more compliant and independent.The EPPE followed 3000 children in pre-schools and foundincreased sociability (Sylvia et al, 2003).Day care exposes children to their peers thus enabling them to develop socialstrategies (negotiate and make friends). Field (1991) found a positive correlation between the amount of time in day care and the number of friends children have once they en ter school. Also, those that started day care before 6 months were more sociable than those that started later.Evaluating Research on Day Care Weaknesses of research on day careWhen evaluating the research, one must consider the constituent under which one can find positive or negativeoutcomes.Prodromidis (1995) found no correlation between Swedish children in day care and aggression.Freidman from NICHD explains the aggression study actually shows that day care children may be more aggressive than non-day care, but still 83% of children in day care between 10 -30 hours a week show no signs of aggression.Second important finding from the NICHD research is that the mothers sensitivity to the child, higher maternal education and income all play a more important role in decreased behavioural problems than the amount of time in day care.Finally, the findings are not causal. The data cannot show that day care caused aggression only that there is a link between the two. Therefore, the data suggests that childrens development is more strongly affected by factors at home than those in day care (Belsky et al, 2007).Evaluating Research on Day Care Weaknesses of Research on Day Care Cannot apply a cause relating to peer relations aswell, only a link. For example, shy and unsociablechildren have mothers that are shy andunsociable, therefore, its possible that moreoutgoing parents/children that go to day care. A lot of research supports the idea that day carealone has no direct effect on development andthat there are other factors involved. Gregg et al(2005) analysed findings from the Children of the90s study and concluded that for the majority ofchildren, maternal employment in their first 3years of life had no adverse effects on behaviour.Evaluating Research on Day Care Mediating FactorsQuality of CareIndividual DifferencesAs the quality of care decreases it is expected that the attachment type will become poorer. NICHD study (1997) found that low-quality care was associa ted with poor social development. As parents have different interests in their child, day care mental faculty are less invested and therefore provide a different kind of attention. This is reflected in Howes and Hamilton (1992) findingsthat secure attachmentsoccurred in only 50% of day care staff but 70% in mothers.The NICHD study found the more secure a childs attachment level is the better they cope with time spent in day care. However, another study showed that insecure children coped better than secure children (showed more aggressive bx) in day care.Childs age and number of hoursGregg et al (2005) found that negative effects were more likely to be found in children starting day care before 18 months of age. However, the magnitude of these effects was small.Clarke-Stewart et al (1994) found no difference in attachment between spending a lot of time in day care (more than 30 hours) with those that spend a little time (less than 10 hours).Implications of Research intoAttachment a nd Day care Attachment Research Attachment research has shown that when separation occurs, negative effects of this separation can be avoided if substitute emotional care can be provided and links to the PAF are made available. This research has changed the way hospitals handle visiting arrangements and the way institutional care is provided. A second implication is the way the adoptions process is managed allowing babies to be adopted earlier strengthening child/parent attachments (Singer, 1985). Another implication is the cash advance of parenting skills, ie, Circle of Security, which improves infant/mother relationships. Finally, attachment research has been used to improve day care quality focusing on the importance of secondary attachment figures. Day Care Research As research shows, high quality care leads to positive outcomes. What is highquality care? Low child-staff ratios 31 is ideal for sensitive care to be given Minimal staff turnover allows for consistent care an d decreases anxiety subtle emotional care only 23% of carers demonstrated highly sensitive care, 50% was moderate care and 20% were emotionally detached. Qualified staff qualified managers lead to better social development To warrant high-quality care, legal standards are implemented relating to staff ratio to age of the child, minimum qualifications of staff, Ofsted inspections and finally the sure out programme.