Personal Definition of Honesty Essay Example for Free

Personal Definition of H 1sty EssayWhats the rendering of dependabley? The one in Websters Dictionary says that it isThe quality or fact of being honest uprightness and fairness truthfulness, sincerity, or frankness freedom from deceit or fraud (Honesty). However, each person may define honesty differently. Everybody has his/hers own definition that varies upon his/her beliefs. Some think of it as a main rule of their life, but still tell a diminished white lie once in a while. Others can not plane identify themselves with honesty. The truth is that being honest is extremely hard and not lying at all is impossible.Everybody lies, even politically significant people responsible for the nations well being, who are viewed by the society as icons of trust. People lie on a daily basis, in fact sometimes not realizing that they do it so often it is second nature. Some of the lies may be innocent. For instance, some may lie not to excruciation somebodys feelings. A lack of honest y would not be such a big problem, though, if that were the point whither it ends.Some people consider that telling a little white lie doesnt hurt anything, but still get annoyed and irritated when somebody lies to them. If they expect others to be honest with them why cant they reach back in the same way? Usually piece lie for personal gain and self-interest. For instance, some may lie because they are ashamed of the things they give up done and do not necessity or are afraid to face the consequences. A good example here is Bill Clinton, who in 2004 be about his affair with Monica Lewinsky to both the nation and the grand jury. People hide, ignore and omit the facts. They care less what effect it may have on others. In this case they arent just dishonest and selfish but also show a lack of integrity.On the other hand, people may lie because they want to be a part of group. As Stephen L. Carter writes in his article The Insufficiency of Honesty, integrity may be often a fake h onesty (106). For example, humans lie to impress somebody or put up facades to look better in others eyes. They agree with other peoples statements, even if those vary from their own beliefs, exactly because they want to be accepted.Furthermore, throughout history people could experience dishonesty from many, if not all U.S. presidents. For instance, Richard Nixon lied because he was trying to save his presidency, which was imperiled by his misdeeds. Franklin Delano Roosevelt misled the rude over things like Lend-Lease in order to advance a policy he thought would save the world, but which he knew would be trying to sell politically ( Cannon 57). During World War II in 1944, President Roosevelt lied to the public about his health condition, simply to hide his failing from opponents. All of that proves that even people, to whom public trust is given, in the hope of better future of the country, arent any different from regular people. As Carl M. Cannon writes in his article Untru th and Consequences Presidents lie because they are human (58).Moreover, in a contemporary political world, it is difficult to distinguish the truth from a lie. For example, taking under rumination the war in Iraq, people are constantly confused with the news delivered to them. The Republicans say that everything is under control and without a doubt U.S. is winning the war with terrorism. On the other hand, Democrats talk about the unquestionable failure of the American army and government, as well as undisputable chaos it has caused in the Middle East. Those two versions prove that one of the sides is definitely lying. In this case the lack of honesty is very high and lives of U.S. soldiers as well as prosperity of the country competency be at stake. Politicians should put aside their personal-interests and do what is right, because the consequences of their dishonesty may be too high to bear.Even though the definition of honesty here differs from the one in dictionary, many peo ple will agree with it. Everybody knows from the experience how hard it is to go at least a day without telling a lie it is impossible. All the people are built from the same mud they all lie. It doesnt matter who a person is or what he/she does. Some may be more sensitive about it and would rather have a clean conscience, when others will keep lying without thinking twice. But everybody has to remember that the bigger the lie coming out of their mouth, the larger the consequences they will have to face in the future. Because as my mom used to say, a lie has short legs one cant go far or gain much by lying, and if so it will be only temporary.Works CitedCannon, Carl M. Untruth and Consequences. The Atlantic. Jan/Feb. 2007 56-67.Carter, Stephen L. The Insufficiency of Honesty. 50 essays A Portable Anthology. 2nd ed. Ed.Samuel Cohen. Boston Bedford/ St. Martins, 2007. 104-111.Honesty. Websters online Dictionary. 2007. Websters Dictionary. 29 Jan 2007.httpwww.websters-online-dictionary .org/definition/honesty.

Undying Message Essay Example for Free

Undying Message EssayI have asked myself many times Is the Filipino worth suffering, or even dying, for? Is he not a coward who would readily yield to any colonizer, be he foreign or homegrown? Is a Filipino much comfortable under an authoritarian leader because he does not want to be burdened with the freedom of choice? Is he unprepared, or worse, ill-suited for presidential or parliamentary democracy? I have carefully weighed the virtues and the faults of the Filipino and I have come to the conclusion that he is worth dying for because he is the states greatest untapped resource. *Ninoy delivered beforehand the Asia Society on August 4, 1980 in New York City.Its been years and yet Benigno Ninoy Aquino Jr. is still remembered from the shirts and posters that we retrieve everywhere. This is only a sign that he became a part of every Filipinos identity. However it is not only his so called heroism and legacy that has been left and looked upon, the famous argument Filipinos a re worth dying for is also celebrated and even put in the old 500 peso commove with his famous portrait. But why did his statement moved us, Filipinos? Why is it necessary for him to say that we are worth dying for?Worth dying for the phrase is intemperately equipped with run-in that can be controversial. How do we say something is worthy and not only worthy of anything but worthy of dying? Are we that particular for him to say that? Yes, for him, it is yes.Going back decades ago, we were under the martial law led by Ferdinand Marcos, the archenemy of Ninoy. Everybody before looked upon Ninoy for he was the only political actor that readily questioned Marcos and because took the hearts of the people. And with his death, the peoples cry for democracy was only empowered to the point that everybody was swayed by his ill fate. Scores of students, teachers, and workers alike make use of his statement either to fight their rights, use it academically, and/or to give inspiration to the public. Thats how it made impact on our way of living. We tend to use famous words from famous people because we think it will make our convictions heavier.Now this statement became a legend not only as a symbol before but also a symbol of fighting. It will be and always be reminding us that we are worth dying for and because of that we believe that we should be the bosses of the organization and they should look upon us as their greatest resource for our own development.

Indian Independence And Partition History Essay

Indian Independence And Partition History EssayIt began with the idea of Mahatma Gandhi to free India from the control of the British, in 1930, Mahatma Gandhi proposed a non-violence frame in to protest the British Salt Tax. To understand why the British salt tax was so oppressive to the Indian people, it helps to know a bit astir(predicate) the subcontinents climate and culture. Indias hot weather promotessweating, which drains the human body of its salt supply. Since Indians dont eat much meat a natural source of salt they relied on subsidiary salt to maintain a healthy amount in the body. Taxing the mineral that Indian people relied on for survival was just one focusing that the British government kept Indians under its thumb. As salt is necessary in everyones daily diet, everyone in India was affected and upon realizing the scheme of the British, the salt march was post in motion.Before embarking on a 240 miles march from Sabarmati to Dandi to protest the salt tax, Gandhi sent a letter to the Lord Irwin, the viceroy of India, forewarning their plans of civil noncomplianceIf my letter makes no appeal to your heart, on the eleventh day of this month I sh whole told proceed with such co-workers of the Ashram as I can take, to disregard the purvey of the Salt Laws. I regard this tax to be the most iniquitous of all from the poor mans standpoint. As the Independence consummation is essentially for the poorest in the land, the scratch will be made with this evil. (Gandhi)Acknowledged of this action, the viceroy could have arrested him easily but by doing so could spark an intense backlash so he only replied Gandhi was contemplating a course of action which is clearly bound to involve violation of the law and danger to the public peace.As promised, on defect 12, 1930, Gandhi and 78 male satyagrahis (activists of truth and resolution) started marching toward the Arabian Sea. It has been told that along his way, the roads were watered, and fresh flowers and green leaves strewn on the path and as the satyagrahis walked, they did so to the tune of one of Gandhis positron emission tomography bhajans,Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram, sung by the great Hindustani vocalist, Pandit Paluskar.Each village he passed by, he convinced government officials to resign in protest and to further people to pledge nonviolence, therefore, more and more men joined the march. On April 5, 1930, after a 24 day-long journey, Gandhi and his followers reached the coast, he collected a globe of salt and immediately broke the law. No sooner had Gandhi violated the law than everyone started following him, picking up salt off the coast. A month after Gandhi completed his march he was arrested for breaking the law and soon after Indias prisons were full with 60.000 others practicing this simple act of civil disobedience. (Hatt, (2002).p. 33)WomenAgain, though women were full and active members of Gandhis community, and galore(postnominal) were to be closely associ ated with him over a lengthy period of time, as he went so far to say that the women have come to look upon me as one of themselves., no women were present among the 78 people chosen to accompany him on the march. An explanation for this was that Gandhi felt women wouldnt provoke law enforcers like their male counterparts, making the officers react violently to non-violence. As salt is an important householdnecessity, Gandhi strongly favoured the emancipation of women. He especially recruited women to go into in the salt tax campaigns and the ostracize of foreign products.( Norvell, 1997.) Sarma (1994) had concluded that by enlisting women in his campaigns, including the salt tax campaign, anti-untouchability campaign and the peasant movement, Gandhi had gave many women a new self-confidence and dignity in the mainstream of Indian public life.Folk HeroGandhi was portrayed as a messiah (the long-awaited savior of an entire people), a way of incorporating radical forces within the p easantry into the peaceable resistance movement. It was told that in thousand of villages, plays were performed presenting Gandhi as the rebirth of earlier Indian nationalist leaders, or even as a demigod. The plays built support among nescient peasants steeped in traditional Hindu culture. Similar messianic imagery appeared in popular songs and poems, and in Congress-sponsored religious pageants and celebrations.In this way, not only a kin group hero image of Gandhi was made, but also, the Congress was adoptn as his sacred instrument. .( Murali, (1985)NegotiationsThe government, represented byLord Edward Irwin, decided to negotiate with Gandhi. The Gandhi-Irwin Pactwas signed in March 1931.The agreement between Gandhi and Irwin was signed on March 5, 1931. Following are the salient points of this agreementThe Congress would discontinue the Civil Disobedience Movement.The Congress would participate in the Round Table Conference.The Government would withdraw all ordinances issued to curb the Congress.The Government would withdraw all prosecutions relating to offenses not involving violence.The Government would release all persons undergoing sentences of manacles for their activities in the civil disobedience movement.The pact shows that the British Government was anxious to bring the Congress to the conference table. The British Government agreed to free all political prisoners, in return for the discontinuationof the civil disobedience movement. Also as a event of the pact, Gandhi was invited to attend the Round Table Conference in London as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress. Gandhi was sent by the Congress as its sole representative, but the negotiations proved to be disappointing, for the most part that various other Indian communities had been encouraged by the British to send a representative and make the claim that they were not prepared to hold in an India under the domination of the Congress. Furthermore, it focused on the I ndian princes and Indian minorities rather than on a transfer of power.Yet never before had the British consented to negotiate directly with the Congress, and Gandhi met Irwin as his equal. In this respect, the man who most loathed Gandhi, Winston Churchill, understood the level of Gandhis achievement when he stated it alarming and also nauseating to see Mr. Gandhi, a seditious Middle Temple lawyer, now posing as a fakir of a type well known in the East, striding half-naked up the steps of the viceregal palace, while he is still organizing and conducting a defiant campaign of civil disobedience, to parley on equal terms with the representative of the King-Emperor.The result was unexpected as Gandhi was again arrested, and the government tried and failed to negate his influence by completely isolating him from his followers. (Herman (20080.pp. 375-377)cosmos War II and Quit India.When terra firma War II broke out in 1939, Britain turned to its colonies, includingIndia, for soldiers. His attitude during the war years was difficult to define he felt very touch about the rise of fascism around the world, but he also had become a committed pacifist)For one thing, he would never compromise over pacifism. War, for whatsoever cause, was in his view a bad thing. Though evil must be resisted, it could never be fought effectively by violence, for violence was the root of all evil. Resistance to Germany and Japan must therefore be by the same means of non-violence which he had himself used in India against the British. No doubt, he remembered the lessons of the Boer War and World War I loyalty to the compound government during war did not result in better treatment afterwards.The crisis in the war-time relations between Mr Gandhi and the British Government came during the Cripps mission in the spring of 1942. Sir Stafford Cripps took with him proposals for establishing in India immediately after the war Dominion status of full self-government, with the right to declar e independence, the minimum provide being made to render the scheme acceptable to Moslems. In March of 1942, British cabinet minister Sir Stafford Cripps offered the Indians a form of autonomy within the British Empire in exchange for military support. The Cripps offer included a plan to separate the Hindu and Muslim sections of India, which Gandhi found unacceptable. The Indian independence movement rejected the plan.That summer, Gandhi issued a call for Britain to Quit India immediately. The crucial issue was immediate independence, on which Congress insisted. This was Gandhis and the Congress Partys most ultimate upheaval aimed at securing the British exit from India. (Gandhi,1990, p.309.) The manner in which British control was to be withdrawn and a provisional Government substituted was set out along with a threat of mass civil disobedience, under Gandhis direction. This made Quit Indiathe most forceful movement in the history of the struggle, with mass arrests and violence o n an unprecedented scale. The colonial government reacted by arresting all of the Congress leadership, including Gandhi and his wife Kasturba. As anti-colonial protests grew, the Raj government arrested and jailed hundreds of thousands of Indians.Tragically, his wife Kasturba died in February 1944 after 18 months in prison. Gandhi became poorly ill with malaria, so the British released him from prison upon realizing that the political repercussions would have been intensive, if he had also died while imprisoned and enrage the entire nation beyond control.Indian Independence and PartitionIn 1944, Britain pledged to grant independence to India once the war was over. Gandhi called for the Congress to reject the proposal once more, since it proposed a division of India among Hindu, Muslim, andSikhstates. As a rule, Gandhi was opposed to the concept ofpartitionas it contradicted his vision of religious unity. (Reprinted inThe Essential Gandhi An Anthology of His Writings on His Life, Wo rk, and Ideas, Louis Fischer, ed., 2002 (reprint edition) pp. 106-108.)When sectarian violence rocked Indias cities in 1946, leaving more than 5,000 dead, Congress members convinced Gandhi that the only options were partition or civil war. He reluctantly agreed, and then went on a hunger pound that single-handedly stopped the violence in Delhi and Calcutta.On August 14, 1947, theIndian Independence Actwas invoked. In border areas some 10-12 million people move from one side to another and upwards of a half million were killed in communal riots pitting Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs.According to to prominent Norwegian historian,Jens Arup Seip there by chance could have been much more bloodshed during the partition if there hadnt been for his teachings, the efforts of his followers, and his own presence.

Early Psychology And Introspection Psychology Essay

Early psychology And Introspection Psychology EssayThe question of whether psychology is a science persists. washbasin Broadus Watson ignited this topic, offering strong evidence in pursuits of establishing psychology as an empirical science. Today, some psychologists reject the idea that psychology is a science at all, while others who agree weigh heavily on the role of sort. Historically, traditional views on psychology have been unscientific. Offering an election view, the central idea in demeanourism is the prediction and go steady of sort. Although controversial, the evidence for behaviorism, its contribution to the field, research, and treatment of dis enunciates is undeniable. This paper addresses a history of behaviorism, with focus on the standpoint and contribution of John B. Watson. Additionally, behaviorisms application to the field of clinical psychology is discussed.Keywords behaviorism, erudition, classical conditioning behaviouristic psychology A History of John B. Watson and Contributions to Clinical PsychologyThe quest in knowing and understanding human behavior is deeply rooted deep down historical philosophies and persists today. The desire to obtain tangible evidence in order to measure ones actions, thoughts, and emotions paved many ideas, including John Broadus Watsons revolutionary theory of Behaviorism (Hart Kristonis, 2006). Before he established behaviorism, Watson considered learning as one of the most classical factors of psychology and established it as a central topic for basic research and application of American psychology (Rilling, 2000). Dissatisfied with the view that psychology concentrate on the take heed, he dedicated his career to establishing psychology as a valid science. His dedication to learning and establishment of behaviorism shed light on several important clinical issues much(prenominal) as mental health disorders, drug addiction and phobias. In regards to theory, Watson is credited for having brought validity to some of the psychoanalytic concepts such as the role of early childhood experiences, relationships, and the effects of trauma. His interest and dedication to uncovering psychopathology led to the discovery of conditioned ablaze responses and an explanation for learning of aided behaviors (Rilling, 2000). Today, the contribution of Watson is undeniable. Therapies with strong behavioral components are utilized and applicable to many disorders. The purpose of this paper is to provide a history of Watsons behaviorism emphasizing the foundations of his constitute through his viewpoint. In addition to history, behaviorist contribution within the field of psychology and modern clinical psychology utilization are discussed.Historical root of BehaviorismScience originally developed within, and eventually navigated away from philosophy. Before astronomy and physics understood phenomena through observation, philosophers used God as the actor to reason and conclude abou t the universe (Baum, 1994). Philosophers weighed heavily on Gods contribution to living and nonliving organisms, referencing the soul as the force of life. The Enlightenment saw meaty contributions to science as philosophers such as Galileo and Newton uncovered scientific truth through observation (Baum, 1994). Emphasizing data, early physiologists such as William Harvey conceptualized the clay as a machine, discovering in which the heart functioned like a pump, circulating blood through tissues, arteries and veins (Baum, 1994). In addition, Charles Darwins theory of evolution radically debunked the bibles accounts of the creation and offered a new explanation that left out God (Baum, 1994). As astronomy, physics, chemistry and biology began to break away from philosophical thought, so did the field of psychology.Early Psychology and IntrospectionLate nineteenth century labeled psychology as the science of mind. The field of psychology emerged as a discipline through Wilhelm Wund ts research lab at the University of Leipzig in 1879 (Moore, 2011). In his work, Wundt assumed that the study of consciousness was the appropriate subject for psychology, conducting experiments within areas now known as sensation and perception. Following Wundt, Titcheners structuralism, rivet on sensations, images, and feelings, researched by drawing inferences from participants introspective reports and reaction times, indicating which sensations were higher or lower in the structure of consciousness (Moore, 2011). An alternative functionalism employed similar methods as structuralists but emphasized the function of conscious mental phenomena. For example, functionalists might use reaction times to study how childrens conscious mental phenomena developed over time, in efforts to provide individual education services (Moore, 2011). Concerns manifested in practical applications of either theory, and a inadequacy of reliability. Introspection as a method was particularly problemat ic. For instance, concerning the lack of reliability, research findings with the introspective method were not often replicated with other participants or in other laboratories (Moore, 2011).Problems with PsychologyThe major emphasis of contention for Watson within psychology was introspection, specifically within the theories of structuralism and functionalism. Structuralist and functionalist views incorporated introspection to understand the contents and function of consciousness, using it as data in forming conclusions about human behavior (Carr, 1930 Boring, 1954). Unlike scientific method, Watson believed that introspection was biased towards the individual, had unreliable methods and formed baseless speculations (Baum, 1994 Watson, 1913). Further, he discarded introspective methods due to their inapplicability to savages, believing that the fundamentals of human behavior may be better explained through animal experiments. He rejected both theories, due to his belief that they lacked the applicability, consistency and logic for the more pressing issues within the field (Mills, 1999 Watson 1913). To Watson, the introspective aspects of consciousness (feeling, choice, judgment) had not demonstrate functional use, were unreliable and impossible to verify in an experimental setting (Boring, 1954). behaviouristic PsychologyWatson grew queer with psychology defined as science of consciousness, attributing to psychologys failure in becoming a true science (Watson, 1913). It was in his 1913 publication Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it, that he stated his intentions to change the subject of psychology from consciousness to behavior, replacing introspective methods with objective approaches. For him, the goal of behaviorist psychology was in the prediction and control of behavior (Goss, Watson, 1913 1924 Rilling, 2000). From his point of view, behavior is a function of stimulating conditions within in the environment and characteristics (e.g., drive states , hereditary, habit, emotions) within the organism, later defining behaviorism as stimulus-response, or S-R (Wozniak, 1997 Watson, 1919). According to him, behavior consists of motor and glandular responses to sensory stimuli (sensorimotor) (Woodworth, 1959). A stimulus arouses activity in one or more receptors, exciting facial expression impulses in the brain and spinal cord where outgoing nerve currents are excited in the motor and glandular nerves with resulting excitation of muscles and glands. Whatever organisational activity is taking place, it is present in the brain and spinal cord, and should not be attributed to higher processes (Woodworth, 1959). Watson formally ruled introspection out of psychology and urged for applicable undertakings within psychology, beneficial to the legal, educational, medical and business arenas (Boring, 1954 Watson, 1913 Mills, 1999). For the first time behaviorism was given definitive goals, methods and parameters. The structure that Watson ill ustrated for the behaviorism was a discipline based heavily in rationalist thought, and on the precept that learning, and habit is the major influence on development (Rilling, 2000 King, Viney, Woody, 2009).Thinking and Language.Watson believed that the causes of behavior were within the environment rather than the mind (Markey, 1925). In his 1919 book Psychology From the Standpoint of a Behaviorist, Watson rejected the concept of mind completely, subjoining all of his behaviorist views to introspective activities, such as language and persuasion (Markey, 1925). According to him, thinking a mental process, is actually an overt behavior nothing more than sub-vocal speaking, or silent talking (Watson, 1920). Thinking is a communicative process where expressive movements (gestures) serve as substitution of words. In the study of human behavior, Watsons views on language explained consciousness and awareness as an objective mechanical process. Higher order processing (e.g., expressi on of the face, hands, shoulders), fulfill the symbolic character necessary in language. Our whole body comes to be part of the language machine providing a basis for imagery, reasoning, and thought (Watson, 1920). To Freud, Watson proposed a behavioristic translation of the unconscious, stating that situations where language is covert, or un-verbalized is the unconscious, where overt language, speaking is the state of conscious (Goss, 1961 Watson, 1928). In summary, thinking, where learning is involved, is a trial-and-error process dependent upon motor expression and language (Watson, 1920). As the 20th century sought to uncover the actual mechanisms of learning, Watson discovered the opportunity to extend learning experiments to psychologists (Rilling, 2000). Central to his theory was the concept of habits. Watson believed that personality, like language also developed through a system of habit and conditioning, beginning immediately by and by birth. Furthermore, he believed tha t pathology depended on the environment, normal personality is a function of healthy upbringing, while weaknesses in person were related to trauma, or punishment (King et al., 2009). Behaviorists avoid damage such as normal and abnormal, because these words imply an absolute distinction between health and sickness (Roberts, 2012). Watson argued in which mental illness was a harvest-festival of environmental conditioning, and is best illustrated through his famous work on fear conditioning (King et al., 2009).Contributions of Classical Conditioning.Like Pavlov, Watson believed in observing and training physical responses to stimuli without referencing the mind, allowing animal and human behavior to be interpreted similarly (Markey, 1925). Based on the animal experiments of Ivan Pavlov, Watson applied classical conditioning experiments in efforts to study human behavior and create an objective science. Watsons interest in animal learning provided him a tool for controlling behavior, preempting his widely recognized conditioning experiment of Albert B. Cited within psychologys history, Watson demonstrated the impact of classical conditioning to human emotional behavior (Harris, 1979 Watson Rayner, 1920). The goal of conditioning A.B. to fear a white rat by paring it with the demo of a noise led to the discovery of conditioned emotional responses. Initially, A.B. did not display fear, however once rat and noise were paired and repeatedly presented, fear developed. After several presentations of rat and noise, a new response, crying, was noticed, generalizing his fear response to new stimuli that appeared similar to the rat (Watson Rayner, 1920). Watsons clarification of psychopathology to the detection of conditioned emotional responses is proclaimed as his major contribution to the field of psychology (Rilling, 2000). Literature cites A.Bs conditioning as a model of psychopathology (e.g., specific phobia) and is often utilise within discussion of systematic desensitization as treatment for phobia (Harris, 1979 Eysenck, 1960). Through his theory and research, Watsons behaviorism unquestionably provided major contributions to the field of applied psychology.Behaviorism generated behavior therapy, developing behavior management techniques for children with autism and token economies for the management of severe mental illness (Spiegler Guevremont, 2010). Due to Watsons work, the areas of legal forensic psychology blossomed and continues have service program in courtroom matters (e.g., reliability of eyewitness testimony, fitness to stand trial) (Rilling, 2000). Due to the behaviorists, personality and development were given credit as the result of interaction between genetics and experience, holding true for abnormal and normal development (Roberts, 2012).In conclusion, Psychology is defined as the science of behavior. Supported through the works of John B. Watson, his passion and contribution to the field of psychology, the relevance of behaviorism is a permanent in the field of applied psychology.

Pain assessment.

agony mind.CHAPTER-IIREVIEW OF LITERATUREReview of literature is traditionally understood as a systematic and critical revaluation of most important scholarly literature on a particular topic.According to Abdullah (1965) review of literature helps the researcher to analyze existing literature to generate research questions to identify what is known and not known about the topic and describe methods of head calld in earlier work, including their success and shortcoming.The purpose of review of literature involved in any research subscribe to is to become Knowledgeable in that field as much as possible this is the in depth search of the prior research.Research and non research literature were reviewed and organized under the following. Studies and literatures link to botherationfulness and perturb assessment Studies and literatures related play perplexity Techniques on Pain Studies and literatures related to medicament bewitchery on Pain 1. Studies and literatures related to vexation and disoblige assessment.Srouji R, et al., (2010) conducted a study on Pain assessment and non pharmacological counselling. He concluded that distressingness perception in peasantren is complex, and is often difficult to assess. The distractions techniques be provided by nurses to manage pain in children is most effective when adapted to the developmental level of the child. Stinson J, et al., (2008) had done the systematic reviews on the authorization of pharmacological and non pharmacological management of acute procedure-related pain in children (n=1469) of one to 18 years. The reviewed findings suggested that distraction and hypnosis were effective for management of acute procedure-related pain in hospitalized children.Hockenberry and wilon et al., (2007) reported that brain perceives pain, there is a release of inhibitory neurotransmitters to hinder the transmission of pain and helps to produce on analgesic effect. This inhibition of the pain impulse is th e fourth phase of the nociceptive process known as modulation. A protective reflex solvent also occurs with pain receptions. So while assessing pain intensity in children requires special(prenominal) techniques, therefore assessment requires apply word such as owive, boo-boo. There atomic number 18 some unique spears available to measure pain intensity in children.Wongs (2007) stated that pain is often associated with fears, worry, and stress and non-pharmacological techniques, such as distraction, relaxation, guided imagery, and cutaneous stimulation provide coping strategies that may help reduce pain perception, make pain more tolerable, decrease anxiety, and enhance the effectiveness of analgesics. The strategies are safe, non invasive, and tinny, and most are independent nursing functions. The strategies that are appropriate for the childs age, pain intensity, interest, and abilities is often necessary to determine the most effective approach.Herr and. et.al., (2006) ver baliseed that the child is unable to communicate the pain perception. So often the child requires special attention during assessment. Children who are developmentally delayed, 15 are psychotic, critically ill, dementia are examined with various pain behaviors assessment tools. Although it is important to understand that the pain is measured by employ a pain-behavior scale. These tools identify the presence of pain, but not determine the intensity of pain.Joseph, Zeltzer, (2000) They state that there are three factors to assess pediatric pain pain sensitivity, coping skills, and cognitive ability. Pain Sensitivity ascertained that pain sensitivity highly depends on childrens temperaments. Studies have shown that children with more pain-sensitive temperaments demonstrate increased reports of pain and anxiety during painful medical procedures. Significant differences in pediatric distress were found when those children received mental interventions prior to the medical procedure. Their distress levels were probatoryly lower with the psychological intervention, which suggests that the interventions may win most children who are pain sensitive.Lara J. Spagrud.et.al (2003) conducted a study that suggested that the face pain scale revise, is a make use offul self report tool for assessing pain intensity in preschool and school age children who may not be able to use other pediatric self report pain measurement tools such as visual analog or numeric rating scales.Salantera S, Lauri S, Salmi TT, Aantaa R (1999) had done a survey on nursing activities and outcomes of armorial bearing in the assessment, management, and documentation of childrens pain.(N=303) and retrospective chart review of 50 consecutive cases of operation of acute appendicitis was carried out. The results showed that nurses assess pain by remark of childs behavior and changes in physiology. The author suggested that development of pain assessment and documentation practices is needed in all settings.Cheryl. A. Gilbert et.al, (1999) conducted videotaped study to determinethe pain level based on facial nerve expression to assess post operative pain in the age group of 13-74 calendar months(N=48).Results demonstrate that face scale serve as a legal tool to assess persistent pain in young children.Carroll et.al., (1998) Reported that the degree of pain to which a child focuses attention can influence pain perception. Increased attention has been associated with increased pain response. So the nurses have to apply the various pain relief interventions such as distraction, relaxation, guided imaginary and massage. etceteraMaiklerVE. (1991) conducted a study on effects of a skin refrigerant and age on the pain responses of babes receiving immunizations. The results showed that MANOVA revealed fewer distress behaviors following refrigerant nebuliser and more complex, varied behavioral responses for older infants. The findings provide further evidence that infants perceiv e pain and that nursing interventions for pain diminution should be tested and all-embracing to the very young.Rice L J. (1989) conducted a study on acute pain management in pediatric patients. Findings indicated that children often do not express pain in terms that are easily understood by adults. Distraction by parents or other factors may address the emotional fragment of pediatric pain. This review of acute pain management in children examines traditional practices as well as recent developments in acute pain management in infants and children.Schechter NL. (1985) conducted a study on pain control in children. He concluded that pain is not solely a fixed neurophysiologic response to a noxious stimulus but interaction of variables such as age, cognitive set, personality, ethnic background, and emotional state of the child. When approaching to pain in children, a high index of suspicion is necessary to determine the difficulty of verbalizing their discomfort. Play techniques ar e important in distraction from pain by nursing, medical, or child life personnel should be considered. Preparation of the child for procedures is often helpful as some of the fear of the unknown is eliminated.2. Studies and literatures related play distraction TechniquesWeiss KE, Dahlquist LM, Wohlheiter K. (2011) conducted a descriptive study on the effects of interactive and passive distraction on Cold Presser pain in Preschool-aged Children (N=60).Participants showed significantly higher pain valuation reserve during both interactive and passive distraction relative to baseline. They concluded that interactive and passive video game distraction appears to be effective for preschool-aged children during laboratory pain exposure. Uman LS, McMurtry CM (2009) had done the randomized control audition (N=1380) to examined the efficacy of seven psychological interventions like suggestion, breathing exercises, child directed distraction, parent-led distraction, nurse-led distraction o n infants and children (1 month 11 years) for reducing pain and distress during human action childhood immunizations. The results showed that nurse-led distraction was effective in reducing distress (SMD, -0.40 95% CI, -0.68 to -0.12 P = 0.005). The study findings suggested that feature cognitive-behavioral interventions, breathing exercises, child-directed distraction, nurse-led distraction, are effective in reducing the pain and distress associated immunizations. Miller K, et al., (2009) conducted a study on multimodal distraction to relieve pain in children undergoing acute medical procedures. They used hand held multimodal distraction device (MMD). Pain and anxiety scores were measured by Modified Faces, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consol ability Scale, Faces Pain Scale-Revised, Visual Analogue Scale and Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale. The study findings show MMD is more effective in reducing the pain and anxiety experienced by children in acute medical procedures. MMD is con tinuing to be trialed and is continuing to show positive clinical outcomes.Murphy G. (2009) had done a study on the effectiveness of distraction techniques for venepuncture. The findings show that distraction has been shown to reduce procedural distress in children. Further the study revealed that passive distraction is more effective than active distraction during venepuncture and that the effectiveness of a particular technique depends on the attention capacity of the child andtheir engagement in the distraction activity.Windich-BiermeierA (2007) had done a study on children and adolescents (N=50) ages 5 to 18, to evaluate the pain on distraction techniques during venipuncture by using self-selected distracters (i.e., bubbles, virtual reality glasses, or handheld video games, play toys) The design adopt for this study was intervention-comparison group design (n=28) and (n=22). The study participants demonstrated significantly less fear (P Cohen LL, et al., (2006) in their randomi zed control study on infants (n=136) (range=1-21 months M=7.6 months, SD=5.0 months) and their parents to ask the effectiveness of movie distraction in reducing immunization distress during their routine vaccinations. The behaviors were assessed by visual analog scale and a behavioral observation rating scale. The results indicated that parents and infants in the study group engaged in higher rates of distraction than experimental group both prior to and during recovery from the pellet. The study findings suggested that a simple and practical distraction intervention can provide some distress relief to infants during routine injections.DAntonio IJ. (2006) conducted a study on use of therapeutic play in hospitals. He stated that play can be a tool to understand and intervene with pediatric patients. They develop a plan for purposeful play programs or play sessions with nurses who are clinical specialists, early childhood educators, and others who have expert knowledge of children a nd play equipment for the special inevitably of hospitalized children. For some children, hospitalization is a challenging experience that promotes a sense of competence and for others hospitalization is an experience that results in a negative outcome. Nurses can use play to provide pediatric patients with emotional and cognitive growth-promoting activities which facilitate a more positive hospital experience and long-term outcome.Cohen LL. (2002) had done the randomized trial (N=90) on reducing infant immunization distress through nurse directed distraction. Infants and their parents were randomly assigned to a distraction condition (i.e., nurses used stimuli to run around infants attention) or a typical care condition. The research outcome was measured by observational scale, parent and nurse ratings, and infant philia rate. Results indicated that infants engaged in distraction showed reduced behavioral distress. ThitipornUdomkittti(2001) investigated the effect of distraction on acute pain in infants. Results revealed that acute pain in infants who were distracted by a toy during receiving immunization had significantly lower mean of behavioral pain scores (pSparks (2001) examined the effect of two forms of distraction on injection pain in a convenience sample of 105 preschool children. The results showed that both forms of distraction, bubble blower and touch, significantly reduced pain perceptions (PBowen AM, (1999) had done the study to compare two brief, inexpensive distraction techniques for children receiving immunizations. Preschool children (n = 80) were assigned to a party blower intervention, a pinwheel intervention, or a control group. Nurses were instructed to use standard instructions for the control group, and to apparently provide the distracter and encourage use, but not to spend time trying to train the child or force them to use it, for the other groups. Results of planned comparisons indicated significant party blower results in the childrens ratings of reduced distress (P Megal, Houser, Gleaves (1998) examined the effects of audio taped lullabies on physiological and behavioral distress and perceived pain among children during routine immunization. The samples were 99 healthy children age 3-6 years old. Half of them received the musical intervention during the immunization, while the other half did not. Children in each group were assessed pain and distress during five phases baseline, pre immunization, during the immunization, after Band-Aid application, and 2 minutes after phase 4. Physiological methods included heart rate and blood pressure and self-report pain assessment by using the Oucher Scale were used to measure pain intensity. Besides, they were also assessed behavioral distress. Results indicated that no significant differences were found between experimental and control groups for heart rate, blood pressure, or Oucher scores. It may be possible that the reflective of the ages of children in the st udies, 3-6 years, may not be able to focus their attention on distraction devices. However, total distress scores of the experimental group were significantly less than the control group.French, Painter, Coury (1994) studied the effect of distraction technique on pain in preschool children receiving diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus immunization. The samples were 149 children aged 4 to 7 years old who received the injection, one with and one without taught to blow out air repeatedly during the injection, as if they were blowing bubbles. Although self-report measures by parents, children, and nurses were not different between control and experiment Conditions, children who were taught to blow out air repeatedly during the injection had significantly fewer pain behaviors (P2.Studies and literatures related to Music distraction on Pain Balan R, (2009) had done the comparative study on Indian classical instrumental music and local anesthetic cream on children aged 5-12 yrs in terms o f in reducing pain during venepuncture was conducted at a tertiary care center. They were randomly assigned to 3 groups local anesthetic (LA), music or placebo (control) group. The study findings showed that, using EMLA or Indian classical instrumental music can be significantly reduced pain in children. The difference between VAS scores with LA and music is not always significant. Bufalini A. (2009) conducted a study on pediatric patients undergoing painful procedures (lumbar injection, bone centre of attention aspiration, and arterial catheter) to assess the role of interactive music. Data significance was accepted with values of PEvans S (2008) conducted a study on complementary and substitute medicine for acute procedural pain in children. He suggested that music therapy also has gained some attention and for the most part shows promise in the pediatric acute pain setting. Noguchi LK. (2006) had done the study on the effect of music versus non music on behavioral signs of dist ress and self-report of pain in pediatric injection patients. Music has been examined as a potential distraction during pediatric medical procedures, but research findings have been mixed, due, in part, to the fact that children were primarily instructed to merely harken to the music. (n=64) The children 4- to 6(1/2) -years receiving routine immunizations were randomly assigned to one of three conditions musical story, spoken story, or standard care/control. Participants in the musical story condition tended to be less distressed and report less pain than participants in the other two conditions, although these differences were not statistically significant. Subsequent analysis indicated that children who received more injections tended to benefit more from the music intervention, in terms of their perceived pain.Loewy,J.V(1997) states that music distraction using live, familiar music with unusual instruments can be effective in capturing and holding the childs attention during pai nful procedure, such as needle punctures.Malone (1996) conducted a study that focused on studying the effects of live music on the distress of pediatric patients receiving venipunctures, intravenous starts, and heel sticks. The study results indicated that all age groups appear to benefit from the live music as an effective method of distraction. The patients that demonstrated the most significant difference were children under the age of one. The distraction techniques were less cognitively advanced than the music therapy approaches for older children rather, they attempt to soothe and relax the infant in order to distract him from his surroundings.Fowler-Kerry S, (1987) Conducted the study to assess the value of two cognitive strategies (suggestion and music distraction) in reducing pain in children. Two ampere-second children, aged 4.5-6.5 years, receiving routine immunization injections were randomly assigned to one of the intervention groups in this factorial study. The groups were designated as distraction, distraction with suggestion, suggestion and control. Subjects reported their pain using a 4-point pain scale. Distraction was found to significantly decrease pain whereas suggestion did not. The results of this study support the use of music distraction in the reduction of injection pain in children.

Brian Clark uses a number of techniques to dramatise the Euthanasia Ess

Brian Clark uses a occur of techniques to dramatise the Euthanasia Debate in his play, Whos Life is it AnywayBrian Clark uses a number of techniques to dramatise the EuthanasiaDebate in his play, Whos Life is it Anyway. Euthanasia is the meansby which a person has the freedom of choice over whether they cognise or operate. In the play thither are two main arguments concerning this issue.One argument saying that a patient has the right to make this closingof biography and death and on which disagrees and says the patient shouldnot have this choice.Two characters in the play represent the two central arguments. Firstof all on that point is Ken, Ken believes that he should have the right tochoose to die, it is his life, he says that his whole life before hisaccident was sculpture, and now that he cannot sculpt because he isparalysed infra his neck, he will never be able to sculpt again Imalmost completely paralysed and always will be. I shall never be fulfill by the hospital. Acco rding to Ken his life is alreadyover Of course I want to live but as far as I am concerned, Im deadalreadyI cannot accept this condition constitutes life in any realsense at all. Any reasonable definition of life must include theidea of it being self-supporting. Ken only wants the dignity indeath each man must make his own decision. And mine is to diequietly with as much dignity as I can muster. Ken also argues that heis not asking his lawyer to make a choice over his life or death, justto represent his views to the hospital Im not asking you to makeany decision about my life and death, only if that you represent me andmy views to the hospital. Ken argues that the real matter to bediscussed is the ind... ...ise the full impact of what he has beenfighting for. He will no longer be there once he has won his case. Kenwill cease to exist. This helps us to understand why some people areanti- mercy killing, and what grave consequences it has and why euthanasiais an extreme solution to t ake.The theatre offers many possibilities of visualising and dramatisingthis debate, the medical and legal jargon used in the two acts of theplay, the physical space of the stage and the lighting in combination,the black comedy of Ken, the exits and entrances of differentcharacters that are used as mouthpieces of different views on thedebate. Issues are raised in the play as they could not be in prose.There is a suspension of disbelief, a contract between the playwrightand the audience makes sure that the issues are well explored andcontinue to be in a 30 year-old debate.

Fluoride Essay -- essays research papers

FluorideFluoride is a mineral that occurs naturally in almost all foods and wetsupplies. The fluoride ion comes from the element fluorine. Fluorine, the 13thmost exuberant element in the earths crust, is never encountered in its freestate in nature. It exists only in combination with other(a) elements as a fluoridecompound. Fluoride is impelling in preventing and reversing the early signs oftooth decay. Researchers possess shown that there are several ways through whichfluoride achieves its decay-preventive effects. It makes the tooth structurestronger, so teeth are more resistant to acid attacks. sulphurous is formed when thebacteria in plaque break down sugars and carbohydrates from the diet. Repeatedacid attacks break down the tooth, which causes cavities. Fluoride also acts torepair areas in which acid attacks have already begun. The remineralizationeffect of fluoride is important because it reverses the early decay process aswell as creating a tooth surface that is more r esistant to decay. Communitywater fluoridation is the adjustment of the amount of the beneficial traceelement fluoride found in water to provide for the proper bulwark of teeth.Fluoridation has been widely utilise in this country since 1945. It does notinvolve adding anything to the water that is not already there, since virtuallyall sources of drinking water in the United States contain almost fluoride.Fluoridation is a form of nutritional supplementation that is not unlike theaddition of vitamins to milk, breads and fruit drinks iodine to table salt andboth vitamins and minerals to breakfast cereals, grains and pastas. Theprotection of fluoridation reaches participation members in their homes, at work andat school -- simply by drinking the water. The only requirements for theimplementation of fluoridation are the armorial bearing of a treatable centralized watersupply and approval by appropriate decision makers. Some people believe thatthere are effective alternatives to comm unity water fluoridation as a publichealth measure for the prevention of tooth decay in the United States. The factof the matter is that while other community-based methods of systemic andtopical fluoride delivery (i.e. school-based fluoride mouthwash or tabletprograms) have been developed over the five decades that water fluoridation hasbeen practiced, none is as effective as community water fluori... ...ny evidence to show that dental fluorosis is a precursor to any diseaseor dysfunction. Mild to moderate dental fluorosis is no more a pathologicalcondition than is having freckles. There has never been a single valid, peer-reviewed laboratory, clinical or epidemiological study that showed that drinkingwater with fluoride at optimal levels caused cancer, heart disease, or any ofthe other multitude of diseases proclaimed by very small groups ofantifluoridationists to be caused by fluoridation. Because fluoride is soeffective, those fortunate rich to be provided with fluoridated wat er cancount on an up to 40- to 50-percent reduction in the number of dental cavitiesthey would have experienced without fluoridation. Fluoridation is an extremely cost-efficient public health measure because the technology is so simple and thefluoride so inexpensive. Studies indicate that a $100,000 investment in waterfluoridation prevents 500,000 cavities. Moreover, for each horse invested influoridation, over $80 in dental treatment costs are prevented, amounting to an801 benefit-to-cost ratio. Few disease prevention efforts, public or private,achieve that level of return on investment.